the following describe internal states of symptoms except

Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. How does hypnosis work? (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. They were ALL my fault. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Thirst. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" . This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). People sleep better in cooler temperatures. The heart rate slows . Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Not able to pass stool or gas. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? d. both b and c. 2. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Reduced urine. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders.

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