the rover aphra behn modern translation

She is believed to have married a man with the last name Behn in the mid-1660s, but little is known about him, and she may have made him up completely. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Department of English, McGill University, Montral, Canada, Directed by Sean Carney (2016), Carnegie Mellon University School of Drama, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Directed by David Bond, Adapted by John Barton (2016), University of Manitoba/Blackhole Theatre Company, Directed by Magret Groome (2017), Ithaca College, Directed by Greg Bostwick (2017), Belvoir Street Theatre, Sydney, Australia, Directed by Eamon Flack (2017), The Workshop Youth Theatre Group, Halifax, West Yorkshire (2018), The Michigan Shakespeare Festival, Jackson & Canton, MI (2018) Adapted and Directed by Janice L Blixt, Torn Out Theater (Aug 2018) outdoors in NYC's Prospect Park. WITS, like Physicians, never can agree, When of a different Society; And Rabel's Drops were never more cry'd down By all the Learned Doctors of the Town, Than a new Play, whose author is unknown: Nor can those Doctors with more . Frederick comes in and relates Blunt's misadventures to Belville and Pedro. Behn uses traditional poetic language and form to capture the modern hope of equality for women. In the largely immoral world of The Rover, wit and facility with language are the most highly prized virtues that a person can possess. Belville enters, disguised as Antonio. This device was supposed to pique the interest of male audience members, who enjoyed admiring an actresss legs in the revealing, tight breeches; later scholars, however, have also considered the breeches role subversive, because it allowed for playwrights such as Behn to explore gender roles within their works. Department of Theatre, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia (2010) Directed by Grant Mudge. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989. Angelica: Now thou art silent, Guilt has struck thee dumb. Aphra Behn was a spy for King Charles, but the monarchy never paid her for her service; she began playwriting in part to pay off her debts. Angellica is outraged with Willmore and vows to take revenge and sends Willmore away. The two men duel; the Englishmen part them, but the Spaniards resolve to fight the next day at a public square, the Molo. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. She tells a story about a young girl who fell in love and was left standing at the altar because her lover came to Angellica. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Assuming that he has killed Antonio, the cavalier staggers away. Meanwhile, the women do not know that their brother is angry because of his quarrel over Angelica with Antonio. Belville, Florinda, Valeria, and Frederick exit to get married; Blunt goes off to see a tailor. Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC ISBN: 9781474261180 Number of pages: 176 The Rover and the eighteenth century Jane Spencer; Part II. -Graham S. Below you will find the important quotes in, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Pedro, Belville, Florinda, Frederick, and Valeria enter. Belvile realizes that he is speaking to Antoniohis rival for Florindas handand reacts with dismay. Angelica: Oh perjurd Man! endobj This book is currently unavailable. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Everything you need for every book you read. Disastrously, Willmore and Frederick enter, calling out Belviles name. Enraged against women, he attempts to rape her, and asks Frederick to help. The women exit, but Florinda leaves Belville with a locket. Please either update your browser to the newest version, or choose an alternative browser visit. Instant PDF downloads. /N 3 Willmore offers to pay her for her services; she refuses. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Florinda cannot reveal herself to Belvile because of Callis; when she finally does, Don Pedro enters and she flees. Antonio accepts. A Feminist Patron Saint. Struggling with distance learning? Antonio orders them to take Belvile to his house, mistaking him not only for Willmore, but also for Pedro (with whom he had dueled previously). He drags Florinda away, accusing her of trying to trick him. The original full title, The Rover; or, The Banish'd Cavaliers, indicates that the play was a tribute to the formerly exiled cavalier and newly reinstated king, Charles II. Aphra Behn was England's first female professional playwright and a strong voice in early feminism. Hellena enters, still in boy's clothes, and banters with Willmore, who wants to sleep with her but doesn't want to marry her. A very different facet of Behns work shines through in, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Florinda and Valeria have escaped from Don Pedro, and are attempting to find the Englishmen. 212481) Angelica: Dost thou not know thy Life is in my power? Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. A large cast of characters become involved in scenes of adultery, seduction, misrepresentation, and intricate swordplay in this Spanish colonial-era drama set in 17th-century Italy. When she resists he attempts to rape her, but when Belville and Frederick enter, Florinda runs off. The cavalier grows intrigued, believing that a third woman adores him. The way the content is organized and presented is seamlessly smooth, innovative, and comprehensive." In 1670, her first play, The Forc'd Marriage, was performed, and she became the first professional woman playwright. Hellena knows this fact, and uses it to mock him. As they talk, they reach Angelicas house, and Willmore makes to enter it. Paperback. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Fearful for her brothers life, Florinda intercedes, begging Belvile to stop in the name of his love; he does so immediately. Noticing the Englishmen enter without her inconstant. Unlike Hellena, Angelica cannot react carelessly and wittily to Willmores promiscuity because she has already given herself to him. Willmore, enraged, draws his sword, challenges Antonio to a duel, and wounds the Spaniard. Janes, Regina . Florinda, Hellena, and Valeria, disguised as gypsies, enter with Callis and Stephano, accompanied by a group of revelers including Lucetta and Sancho. Blunt enters Lucettas home, and the two prepare to sleep together; Blunt undresses and takes off his fine clothing and jewels. Complete your free account to request a guide. Blunt then attempts to rape her based on his new contempt for women. Struggling with distance learning? Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Directed by Nicole Stodard (8 February 3 March 2013). The final cut of Kemble's piece saw most of the plot that was pertaining to sex, removed. Although Frederick is reasonable and intelligent, he is not as noble and faithful as Belvile, who, meanwhile, yet again does not know that he is speaking to a disguised Florinda. Intelligent despite her innocence, she knows that she should not fall in love with Willmore, but is unable to turn off her feelings for him (as a woman, she cant just go take another male lover the way Willmore has gone to Angelica as a way of avoiding thoughts of love). While Willmore has forgotten Hellena, she cannot stop thinking about him. Willmore is thrilled that his gypsy girl is actually wealthy, and plots to leave. The four Englishmen watch and marvel at a group of revelers at the Carnival. Their sexual banter continues, and she keeps him interested even though he has not seen her beauty. About the project The Rover: An introduction Aphra Behn's The Rover engages with the social, political and sexual conditions of the 17th century, as well as with theatrical traditions of carnival and misrule. Bank Street Theatre, New School, NYC (2008) Directed by Erica Gould. As she prepares to kill him, Don Antonio enters with his arm in a sling. Despite his seeming love for Angelica, Willmore remains attracted to Hellenas wit and vivacity. Antonio, believing that the cavalier is insulting the courtesan, draws his sword and the two fight. Or at least till Im so old, Im fit for nothing else. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. This edition takes account of recent critical approaches as well as of the play's recent stage history. Hellena plays the situation expertly, continuing to show Willmore how little she cares for him even as she finds an excuse to show him her lovely face. A group of soldiers enters, believing that Belvile has hurt the Spanish nobleman. Florinda is the sister who is in the middle of a predicament . His exit with Sancho begins his road to ruin, condemned by his own idiocy but also his belief in love. Frederick, practical but not entirely moral, tells Belvile to take the jewel because the cavaliers are so poor. Don Antonio, also masked, enters and decides to purchase Angelica despite his betrothal to Florinda. Valeria, meanwhile, reveals that she fancies the English stranger (Frederick) whom she met earlier. Florinda recognizes Belvile, while Hellena notices Willmore. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. An anarchic restoration comedy rich with seduction, intrigue and danger. /Filter /FlateDecode The original full title, The Rover, or The Banish 'd Cavaliers, indicates that the play may have been a tribute to the formerly exiled cavalier and newly reinstated king, Charles II. Our Teacher Edition on The Rover can help. Aphra Behn, one of the most influential dramatists of the late 17th century, was also a celebrated poet and novelist. They draw swords to see who has the longest. She tells his fortune, and their exchange becomes flirtatious. Belville, Willmore, Frederick, and Pedro break into Blunt's room and laugh at him. The subtitle "Banish'd Cavaliers" is a reference to the exile that the Cavalier forces experienced during the English Interregnum. Finally, the third major plot of the play concerns English countryman Blunt, a naive and vengeful man who becomes convinced that a girl, Lucetta, has fallen in love with him. Belville and Frederick leave to find Florinda. I vow next to loving him my self, twill please me most that you do so, for he is so gay and so handsome. Behn was a staunch supporter of the monarchy, and spied for King Charles II after he came back into power. Among Behn's sources was the Italian commedia dell'arte (improvised comedy), which she used in her farce 'The Emperor of the Moon' (1687), forerunner of the modern-day pantomime. 4.8 out of 5 stars 12. This essay is the second of four distilled from a lecture series on Aphra Behn given by Dr. Abigail Williams of the University of Oxford and adapted for the Great Writers Inspire project by Kate O'Connor. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Angelica vows revenge. Lucretius, . It is a revision of Thomas Killigrew 's play Thomaso, or The Wanderer (1664), and features multiple plot lines, dealing with the amorous adventures of a group of Englishmen and women in Naples at Carnival time. Hellena asks what Willmore was doing in Angellica's house; he denies that anything transpired. Edited and introduced by Simon Trussler. Willmore believes he has killed Antonio and runs off. Normally Angellica would not agree to this, but she has fallen in love with Willmore, with his wits and his way. VALERIA, a Kinswoman to Florinda who helps Florinda scheme and hide from Pedro. Critic Susan Carlson argues that despite much of Behn's work facing harsh criticism, The Rover was "perhaps the least tarnished by critical contention over the originality of her work". The Rover Act 1, Scene 1 Summary & Analysis | LitCharts The Rover by Aphra Behn Upgrade to A + Intro Plot Summary Summary & Analysis Themes Quotes Characters Symbols Theme Wheel Teachers and parents! He takes the gun from Angellica, then recognises Willmore as the man who stole Angellica's picture. Willmore stays behind to guard against Pedro's return. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. There is an implication that because the two have matching wits, they are also fundamentally compatible. Angellica's servants hang up a portrait of her outside of her house. Premiering in Read More 1 2 The Rover. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. The Rover; or, the Banish'd Cavaliers. II. Given the promiscuity of men like Willmore, it is unsurprising that Florinda doubts the loyal Belviles faithfulness. Belville sends a boy to fetch a priest. Antonio is also struck by Angellica's portrait and wonders out loud if he could get away with sleeping with Angellica and still marry Florinda. Antonio enters, hoping that his page has paid Angellica so he can sleep with her. Meanwhile, Pedro orders the girls governess, Callis, to keep Hellena from the Carnival. The Rover- Aphra Behn; Unit 4 - The Book of Job and St. Matthew . Don Pedro wins and unlocks Florinda's door. Festival Playhouse, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan (2005) Directed by Karen Berthel. Teachers and parents! The Mask of Marriage: Virtue, Honor, Reputation and Female Identity in the Sexual Economy of The Rover; The Use of the Fantasy Genre in Behn's The Rover and More's Utopia . Using the concept of the repertoire as a frame for situated . Don Pedro asks why Don Antonio missed the duel; Antonio tells him what happened, and leaves in a huff. Please click for detailed translation, meaning, pronunciation and example sentences for la provinciale in English . Belvile and Frederick enter, also masked, and pull Willmore off of Florindaenraged, he draws his sword. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The original full title, The Rover; or, The Banish 'd Cavaliers, indicates that the play was a tribute to the formerly exiled cavalier and newly reinstated king, Charles II. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. of the translation history of specific texts (e.g. Florinda gives them a diamond ring and asks them to consult Belville. Although Angelica is in love with Willmore, she is still a powerful woman, able to discover activities that he wishes to keep secret, and to revenge herself. The Mask of Marriage: Virtue, Honor, Reputation and Female Identity in the Sexual Economy of The Rover, The Use of the Fantasy Genre in Behn's The Rover and More's Utopia, The Mythic Archetype of Don Juan in The Country Wife and The Rover. The cavalier, meanwhile, remains convinced in his love for Angelica. Before he can, however, Antonio enters, announcing that he has paid Angelicas fee. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Please enable Javascript, for help please visit. Pedro decides to give Florinda to Belville in revenge. Willmore tries to explain to a furious Belville that he didn't know who Florinda was and mistook her for a whore. Everything you need for every book you read. Teachers and parents! Hellena, who has seen and heard everything Willmore said, comes out of hiding and pretends as if nothing has transpired. ANGELLICA BIANCA, a famous Courtesan in Spain who returns to Naples to put herself up for sale. Instant PDF downloads. This Aphra's adaptation was a truly creative effort. 2 0 obj Traduzioni in contesto per "my degree in Foreign Languages and" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: After my degree in Foreign Languages and Literatures I attented the course for "Cultural and Environmental Guide" promoted by my Region and, once passed the examination of final qualification, I regularly enrolled in the Regional Register of the Tour Guides with resolution n. Your question is involved, as money and class are both tied to marriage and retaining or gaining status. After a disastrous flop called Like Father Like Son, the prologue of which caused Behn to be sued for libel, she stopped writing plays. The characters constantly reference wit, and the audience is invited to judge the inhabitants of the play based on how clever they are. << The importance of wit within The Rover may be exaggerated compared to the real social world of that time, but it is undoubtedly true to the values of the time period. Valeria reveals that she has contacted Belvile, and that he will stall Pedro. Although she died poor, and suffering terribly from rheumatoid arthritis, her fame was so great that she was buried in Westminster Abbey. Behn offers her interpretation of gender roles in a readily accepted form. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Angelica enters with her bravoes and, seeing the couple, responds jealously. Pedro realizes his mistake and takes his sister back. Antonios comrades join in, as do Willmores, and the Englishmen beat the Spaniards. The three of them encounter Willmore, the Rover for whom the play is named; he is overjoyed to see Frederick and Belvile, and the two introduce him to Blunt. The play opens on Wednesday, March 1. Instant PDF downloads. Frederick enters and tells the group about Blunts escapades; Belvile offers to show Pedro his hapless companion. and natural philosopher, a creator of modern algebra, and the inventor of the universal joint. twill be a fine farewell to the World I take itpray what woud you do there? Not affiliated with Harvard College. Yet when Hellena emerges in her gypsy disguise, he immediately begins flirting with her again. Loveday Ingram directed this masterpiece of Restoration comedy. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Hellena, meanwhile, learns far more than she meant to about what Willmore has been doing in her absence. Soldiers enter and arrest Belville, believing him to be the attacker. Our Teacher Edition on The Rover can help. He may perhaps encrease her Bags, but not her Family. Refine any search. Refine any search. Once she leaves, Belvile begs his friends to help rescue her, while Blunt leaves with Lucetta. She begs him spare Pedro. She makes Willmore promise never to see Angellica again. Blunt sneaks off with Lucetta. LUCETTA, a "jilting wench" who steals the clothes and belongings from Blunt. The Rover study guide contains a biography of Aphra Behn, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis of the play. She expresses her pain at his abandonment, asserting that she must kill him for all womankind. The page Hellena sent goes off to relay the information. George Etherege's The Man of Mode (1676), and Aphra Behn's The Rover (1677), all within a few seasons. Pedro believes that this is a sign of Antonios love for Florinda, and gives his now unmasked sister to his opponent. Sisters Hellena and Florinda's fates have been decided for them by the men in their life, mainly their brother and father. A confident, and brave woman like her sister, she questions religion and convinces Willmore to marry her. Willmore (who may have been a parallel to Charles II or John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester) proved to be an extremely popular character, and four years later Behn wrote a sequel to the play. Gonza lez, An bal."Translation and the Novel:One Hundred Years of Solitude."In Gabriel Garc a Ma rquez. Willmore: By Heaven Angelica: Hold, do not damn thy self Hellena: Nor hope to be believd. What, go in Masquerade? Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Desperate Times Call for Desperate Measures. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Reservations required. BELVILLE, an English Colonel deeply in love with Florinda despite the disapproval of her brother, Pedro. The Rover by Aphra Behn March 8th Three young women seeking liberation abandon their conventional lives. L'Homme la mode de George Etherege (1676) et L'cumeur d'Aphra Behn (1677), tous apparus . The Rover was written for profit at a time when Behn had lost her source of income, but became one of the most popular plays of the Restoration era, and it is still studied and widely performed in modern times.HarperPerennial Classics brings great works of literature to life in digital format, upholding the highest standards in ebook production and celebrating reading in all its forms. Note how love has made her possessive of Willmore, how there is some truth to the idea that love puts ties around those who fall into it. It is a tribute to exiled cavalier (now reinstated to the throne), King Charles II. Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Aphra Behn's The Rover. Hellena once again demonstrates how remarkable she is, responding positively to Willmore even though she knows he has betrayed her. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The Rover, published and first produced in 1677, was Aphra Behn 's most successful play. Hellena: If you should prevail with my tender Heart (as I begin to fear you will, for you have horrible loving Eyes) there will be difficulty int that youll hardly undergo for my sake. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. The Rover by Aphra Behn Shakesqueer Theatre Company 32 subscribers Subscribe 19 Share 1.2K views 2 years ago Please donate to the Equal Justice Initiative if you can, either through our Facebook. Elaine Hobby introduces Behn's play and explores how it was first performed and received. Antonio wishes the Englishmen to fight in his place in his duel against Pedro (since he is wounded). Public Domain. The Englishmen enter without Willmore, and the girls hide. The way the content is organized, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Still, Behn faced sexism, and was often accused of bawdiness and unfemininity both because of her work and the mere fact that she was a women writer. Prithee no more, Hellena; I have told thee more than thou understand'st already. Such black Eyes, such a Face, such a Mouth, such Teethand so much Wit! Poetry: 6. (including. His friends, Ned Blunt and Frederick, tease him. Set loose in the topsy-turvy world of Carnival, her characters demonstrate the active, complicated game required of women seeking to secure personal happiness. Willmore tries to persuade Angellica to sleep with him for free. Drawn to the commotion, Don Pedro enters with his guards, Florinda flees, and the Spaniards force the Englishmen out. Florinda ducks into a door to avoid Willmore; it turns out to be Belville's house. Original publication. With the introduction of actresses came the breeches role, in which a plot twist required a female character to disguise herself as a boysuch a twist takes place in The Rover when Hellena disguises herself as a servant boy in order to spy on Willmore. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Pedro now refuses to allow the wedding, since it was Antonio's fight, not Belville's. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Drama. Belville, Blunt, Frederick, and Willmore are also enjoying Carnival when they run into Florinda, Hellena, and Valeria (their cousin). Willmore informs him that the deed is done and threatens Pedro, saying that he will kidnap the Spaniard if he does not bless Florindas marriage. Belville, Blunt and Frederick have come to retrieve Willmore from Angellica because he has been inside with her for two hours. After becoming a spy for the English monarchy (also in the mid-1660s), Behn was deeply in debt; in fact, a warrant was even issued for her arrest. The Rover - Aphra Behn 2015-06-02 . Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Hellena also exits, and Willmore vows to find her. Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides. The play ends with vows of love between Hellena and Willmore. Coming to you live, the University of Miami's Jerry Herman Ring Theatre presents "The Rover.". Aphra Behn (1640-1689) : uvres (60 ressources dans data.bnf.fr) uvres textuelles (51) Maximes (2012) avec Aphra Behn (1640-1689) comme Traducteur Oroonoko The Aphra Behn and the Burney Society Conferences conferences/2017 Conference Sche Premiering in 1677, The Rover was an immediate success and withstands the test of time as a hilarious and, in many ways, extraordinarily progressive play thats still popular with theater companies today. Ist thus you pay my generous Passion back? Learn how and when to remove this template message, Theater Arts at the California Institute of Technology, "Ithaca College Theatre Presents 'The Rover', The Widdow Ranter, or, the History of Bacon in Virginia, The Younger Brother, or, The Amorous Jilt, Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister, Agnes de Castro; or, The Force of Generous Love, Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rover_(play)&oldid=1095454238, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox play with unknown parameters, Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2017, All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention, Articles needing additional references from December 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Carnival time in Naples, Italy during the. Just as he forgot about Hellena when he was with Angelica, now Willmore seems to forget about the courtesan, swearing that he will remain faithful to Hellena. An extraordinarily popular example of Restoration comedy, the play earned an extended run, enabling Behn to make a fair income from it, receiving the proceeds from the box office every third night. The foolish Blunt does not understand the nature of Willmores relationship with Angelica. This obsession with wit and language reflects the atmosphere of seventeenth-century England. The women see Belville, Blunt, and Frederick approach, and eavesdrop on the men. The embrace makes Belville drop his mask. Angelica: And use me so inhumanly? She decides to interfere and approaches Angellica pretending to be one of Hellena's servants. LitCharts Teacher Editions. FLORINDA.What an impertinent thing is a young Girl bred in a Nunnery! A masked Florinda arrives at the Molo to watch the fight. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of the play The Rover by Aphra Behn. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." When Hellena still refuses to go to bed with him, Willmore agrees to marry her; the two at last tell each other their names. He decides to rescue her later that evening. She spied on the Dutch for the English king and was once imprisoned for . {{{;}#tp8_\. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Angelica commands him to remain faithful, and though he scoffs at the idea that she is jealous of a gypsy girl (thus torturing Hellena), he refuses; enraged, she sends him away. Willmore enters triumphantly, revealing that Angelica has given him a great deal of money. Willmore appears to switch his focus from Angelica back to Hellena, while Belvile yet again does not realize that he has been talking all along to his beloved. Featuring multiple plot lines, which deal with the adventures of a group of love-struck Englishmen in Naples, Aphra Behn's play explores issues of love, trickery and deception, forced marriage, male power, fidelity, and the excesses of sexual passion. Since Antonio is wounded and cannot duel Pedro, Belville could dress up as Antonio and go instead. Florinda begins to set up a meeting with Belville when she sees her brother approaching. Belvile reminds Willmore of the gypsy girl he had liked earlier (Hellena in disguise), but the Rover protests that he does not want to think of any other woman. Belville recognizes Florinda's picture in the locket and resolves to rescue her that night, with Willmore and Frederick's help. Belville is confused as to why Florinda would defend his rival but they push her away and fight. Hellena enters dressed as a pageboy, and tells Angelica that she comes from a noblewoman who loves Willmore. what is the role of women in Aphra Behn's the rover? Meanwhile, Florinda and Valeria are testing Belville's loyalty to Florinda by trying to seduce him while he doesn't know who they are. Pedro exits. Aphra Behn, The Rover Authors: Ros Ballaster Abstract For Stuart loyalists of the 1660s and 1670s, the genre of comedy provided opportunities for the representation and celebration of a new.

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