bantu expansion genocide

Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. The hypothesized Bantu expansion pushed out or assimilated the hunter-forager proto-Khoisan, who had formerly inhabited Southern Africa. Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. } From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. One of the many ways used by white supremacists and apologists to legitimize colonialism of the African continent & genocide of its people. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Roberts, A. D. False and dangerous equivalency. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. . The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. These states became the hubs of the continent, forming strong militaries, economic ties with local and international traders, and complex political structures. It never happened. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. Press J to jump to the feed. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Routledge, London 2003. Personal communication from Mr Fagg.Google Scholar, 14 Unless otherwise stated, all carbon dates are taken from the summaries published in the Journal of African History, II (1961), 1379, and IV (1963), 5278.Google Scholar, 15 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. [29] The western branch, not necessarily linguistically distinct, according to Christopher Ehret, followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system southward, reaching central Angola by around 500BC. The Bantu Expansion is unique among ancient dispersals of peoples and languages due to its combination of high amplitude, rapid pace, and adaptation to multiple ecozones ().The spread of Bantu-speaking people from a homeland region on the border between Nigeria and Cameroon toward eastern and southern Africa starting ~4000 years ago had a momentous impact on the continent's linguistic . What area? The Bantu Migration/Expansion was a complex event thus the interactions between the Bantu and non-Bantu were also complex. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. The story begins with a popular African tale. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. fall into the classification of genocide. They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Your email address will not be published. 18091. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. cit. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. 18091. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War. Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000BC), was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. Typical grifter contradictions. The so called Bantu expansion or migration is highly suspect. In addition to their stature, they also differ in blood type from their Bantu- and Sudanic-speaking agriculturalist neighbours, and they are probably the earliest . Bantu Expansion isnt real. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. Cushites and more specifically Somali genocide is unfortunately coming. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. Two major events in the recent paleoenvironmental history of Central Africa might have influenced the route of the Bantu expansion (10-18).The first was a contraction at 4,000 B.P. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. . No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. These are huge areas. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. However, I've been told by numerous South Africans that the Khoisan have peacefully lived by Nguni peoples for thousands of years and that it is a division tactic. This inspired the Bantu to conquer more areas to capture more slaves and expand further . There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Its a MYTH. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. By Ellen Rubin. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. cit. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. 2002). Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. Any proof of their numbers? There Shaka revealed something much more than a simple talent for war, something, in fact, akin to genius. The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family, was located in the southern regions of Cameroon. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. We won't share your contact details with anyone. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708

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