reducing and non reducing sugars slideshare

Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Non-reducing sugars do not give a red color but remains green in color when it reacts with Benedicts solution. Slides: 8. All monosaccharides such as glucose are reducing sugars. A reducing sugar has a free aldehyde (-CHO) or ketone (-C=O) group that can act as a reducing agent. Content provided and moderated by BiologyOnline Editors. (ii) Thermoplastics: These are linear polymers and have weak van der Waals' forces acting in the various chains.These forces are intermediate of the forces present in the elastomers and in the fibres. Starch is an essential polysaccharide that is used in different industries as well as a source of nutrients in plants. Total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugar. Sucrose is their most common source. Tap here to review the details. Amounts of reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total sugar of different fruit's jams available in Bangladesh were determined. Sucrose is their most common source. 4.4 Chemistry. Examples of reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, and maltose. Estimation of reducing and Any carbohydrate that is able to cause the reduction some other substances without first being hydrolysed is the reducing sugar whereas the acids that do not have a free ketone or an aldehdo group are called the non-reducing sugar. And, best of all, it is completely free and easy to use. Click here to review the details. Often this improves the water solubility of the alcohol and makes it easier to excrete. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. A non-reducing sugar is a sugar that is not capable of reducing any substance interacting with it Such a sugar is not oxidized by an oxidizing agent in basic aqueous solution. Compound a is a carbohydrate comprising a hemiacetal group in equilibrium with the acyclic aldehyde. Many of them are also animated. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars; they all have a free reactive carbonyl group. The reducing sugar reduces the copper (III) ions in these tests into copper (I) ions resulting in the formation of a brick-red copper oxide precipitate. They have the ability to reduce cupric ions of Benedicts or Fehling solution to cuprous ions. Agricultural College Glycogen has several nonreducing ends and one reducing end. seven stages to achieve eternal bliss flaming lips, fat transfer breast augmentation townsville, how long do potato chips last once opened, snapdragon vietnamese pho bowls nutrition, how to give temporary admin rights windows 10, which of these is a characteristic of realism apex, Paired Comparison Method Advantages And Disadvantages, in the hall of the mountain king analysis, northeastern transfer college confidential. The presence of reducing sugars is determined chemically by test methods such as dinitrosallicillic (quantitative) and qualitative methods using Benedicts reagent, Fehlings solution and Tollens reagent. See the aldehyde in the open isomer drawn on the right; see how it can close to form a hemiacetal on the left. The reactants are reducing sugar and amines in the Maillard reactions, whereas only sugar, reducing or nonreducing, is the reactant of caramelization. The cellulose produced as the plant grows is a major structural component of the plant. Conventionally, the chiral - Translocation in the Phloem Phloem transport A highly specialized process for redistributing: Photosynthesis products Other organic compounds (metabolites, hormones - Which of the following vitamins are fat soluble? Why do small African island nations perform better than African continental nations, considering democracy and human development? Research Institute, The cyclic form of glucose is formed when the hydroxyl group on carbon 5 binds to the aldehyde group on carbon 1. The main difference between reducing and nonreducing sugar is that reducing sugars have free aldehyde or ketonegroups whereas nonreducing sugars do not have free aldehyde or ketone groups. Reducing And Non Reducing Sugar Video Lecture from Biomolecules Chapter of Chemistry Class 12 for HSC, IIT JEE, CBSE & NEET.Android Application - https://pla. Redoing the align environment with a specific formatting, Difficulties with estimation of epsilon-delta limit proof, How to handle a hobby that makes income in US. Reducing sugar definition and example, non-reducing sugar definition and example, Estimation of reducing sugar by DNSA method, Estimation of total sugars by anthrone metod, Estimation of non-reducing sugar from amount of total sugars and reducing sugar, formula for estimation of non-reduci. The Maillard reactions occur at lower temperature. They give a dark-red color (brick color) when they react with Benedicts solution. Objectives of Fehling's Test. Can airtags be tracked from an iMac desktop, with no iPhone? It is important to note that the reducing sugars can be identified by different tests like benedict's test and fehling solution test. One of the most prominent properties of non-reducing sugars is that they do not generate any compounds with an aldehyde group in a basic aqueous solution. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Jasmine Juliet .R It has millions of presentations already uploaded and available with 1,000s more being uploaded by its users every day. Carbohydrates Structure and Biological Function Entire chapter 8. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Comparision Reducing sugars have access to their open chain form. Such as: Some disaccharides are also reducing sugars such as lactose. Benedict modified the Fehling's solution to make a single improved reagent, which is quite stable. These enzymes work only on alpha acetal linkages and do not attack beta linkages. estimation of reducing sugar - principle o 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (dnsa) is used extensively in biochemistry for the estimation of reducing sugars. This test can also be used to distinguish ketone functional group carbohydrates and water-soluble carbohydrates. - Carbs. CrystalGraphics 3D Character Slides for PowerPoint, - CrystalGraphics 3D Character Slides for PowerPoint, - Beautifully designed chart and diagram s for PowerPoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide on the plant, which is primarily produced by green algae and plants. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. - Translocation in the Phloem Phloem xylem Fig. 7. And, again, its all free. Non-reducing lack ability to reduce cupric ions of Benedicts solution to coprous ions. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Pharmacology II,MANIK. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are monosaccharides and are all reducing sugars. Why do academics stay as adjuncts for years rather than move around? Starch is a polysaccharide composed of multiple monomeric units of glucose linked together by -1,4 linkages. Your IP: Sugars which are oxidized by these reagents are called reducing sugars because they reduce the copper(II) to copper(I). Bone marrow. 2) Ribose and deoxyribose are the building blocks D-glucose, D- ribose (Amino acids ?) Naming Alkenes with Examples, Freundlich vs. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherms, Constitutional Isomers: Types and Examples, Le-Chatelier Principle: Examples and Applications, Mutarotation: The , Sugars Interconversion, https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/reducing-sugar. This test can also be used to distinguish ketone functional group carbohydrates and water-soluble carbohydrates. Sucrose is the only example of non-reducing sugar . The aldehyde or ketone groups on the monosaccharides are involved in the formation of glycosidic bonds that keeps the structure of the molecule. Our product offerings include millions of PowerPoint templates, diagrams, animated 3D characters and more.
What are five examples of non-reducing sugars? Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars, while sucrose . Non-reducing sugars have a higher molecular weight as they are usually of a larger size. The disaccharide sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. Many sugars are drawn in the cyclic, closed form where the carbonyl group has been converted to a hemiacetal.. Once you realize that a hemiacetal can equilibrate with a carbonyl (e.g. Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars, while sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. Non-reducing sugars are carbohydrates which are unable to be oxidized and do not reduce other substances. Notes. By . Notes. Chemical interactions of food components emulsion, gelation, browning. How can we prove that the supernatural or paranormal doesn't exist? If the sugar used is glucose, they are "glucosides." Reducing and non-reducing sugar - Introduction o Reducing sugar: Sugar that can act as a reducing agent due to the presence of free aldehyde or ketone groups o Non-Reducing Sugar: Sugar which does not have free aldehyde or ketone functional group is the non- reducing sugar. What is the difference between reducing and non reducing sugar? In the highest quartile of mono+disaccharide intake (> 142 g) weight loss was 29.9 kg compared to 25.1 kg in lowest quartile (> 72 g). By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. can anyone help me out? Is glycogen non reducing? Some commonly encountered examples of reducing sugars are glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, etc. Plants often store starch as a form of glucose storage. Reducing sugars produce mutarotation form osazones. Is it correct to use "the" before "materials used in making buildings are"? The specificity of enzymes allows one monosaccharide, glucose, to be the building block for both starch, which we think of as a major source of energy in our foods, and cellulose, which we regard as a structural material in trees and a major component of paper. We saw that the major stereochemical features of aldohexoses and aldopentoses are usefully described by Fischer projection formulas, but we learned that the structures of these compounds must also be understood as cyclic hemiacetals. Het is gebruikers verboden materiaal te plaatsen waarop personen jonger dan 18 jaar worden afgebeeld. Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor. Some disaccharides have exposed carbonyl groups and are also reducing sugars. I fail to see carbonyl group here, How can I identify reducing / non-reducing sugar by looking at structure in picture? stereo - 6th Edition Paula Yurkanis Bruice Chapter 22 The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates *, CHE 242 Unit VII The Physical and Chemical Properties, and Reactions of Ketones, Aldehydes, and Amines CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE, - CHE 242 Unit VII The Physical and Chemical Properties, and Reactions of Ketones, Aldehydes, and Amines CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Terrence P. Sherlock Burlington County College. ???????? Sucrose is the most commonly known non-reducing sugar. Here is a comparison table summarizing the main differences between reducing and non-reducing sugars: Reducing sugars contain free aldehyde and ketone groups. Reducing sugars generally have a sweet taste. PowerShow.com is a leading presentation sharing website. Comparison Between Reducing and Non-Reducing Sugar The reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in the glycosidic bond, hence sucrose is non-reducing sugar and can not form osazones. Amylose is a linear polymer with few branches. maltose one of the, In some disaccharides e.g. Enter the username or e-mail you used in your profile. The small stereochemical distinction between the alpha and beta linkages leads to very large consequences in the chemistry and function of starch and cellulose. Glucose is a hexose with six carbon atoms and the molecular formula of C. It is an aldose consisting of a free aldehyde group at one of the ends, making it a reducing sugar. In the case of reducing disaccharides, only one of the two anomeric carbons is involved in the glycosidic bond formation, allowing the other to be free that can convert into an open-chain structure. Then you can share it with your target audience as well as PowerShow.coms millions of monthly visitors. After this, it is cold down. The carbonyl group in these sugars gets oxidized and the sugars become the reducing agent. These sugars have the capability to reduce the cupric ions into cuprous ions of the benedict's solution. Of course, there are enzymes which hydrolyze the beta linkages in cellulose. Analysis of analgesics and antipyretics.indu, ANALYSIS OF FERMENTATION PRODUCTS BY HIMAJA, Download-manuals-water quality-technicalpapers-standardanalyticalprocedures, Estimation of Carbohydrates by anthrone method. The detection of reducing sugars in a sample can be done by one of the two methods; Fehlings reaction and Benedicts test. All polysaccharides are non-reducing sugars, and so are most disaccharides and oligosaccharides. 1. Non-reducing sugars do not have an OH group attached to the anomeric carbon and therefore they cannot reduce other compounds. reducing and non reducing sugars slideshare. Fehling's test is a chemical test used to differentiate between reducing and non-reducing sugars. If we now return to our first look at polysaccharides, we can see that amylose starch is composed of many glucose monosaccharide units which are linked together by acetal functional groups involving the anomeric carbon of one glucose and the number four carbon of the next glucose. Reducing sugars have the ability to reduce cupric ions of Benedicts or Fehling solution to cuprous ions. If we look at this in the context of the use of these materials in a plant, starch is found as a storage medium for glucose in seeds and tubers. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Non-reducing sugar does not reduce Fehling's solution and Tollens reagent. The SlideShare family just got bigger. We've updated our privacy policy. In fructose, both anomeric carbons are in acetal functional groups, so fructose is a non-reducing sugar. Reducing sugars are carbohydrates that can act as reducing agents due to the presence of free aldehyde groups or free ketone groups. The term sugar related to total sugar, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar. All monosaccharides and some disaccharides are examples of reducing sugars. Author: Maryam Kheirkhah Last modified by: USER-1 Created Date: 11/7/2004 6:21:42 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show, | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view. You can read the details below. Examples of Reducing sugars are: Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Galactose, Lactose, and Maltose. Reducing sugar is any carbohydrate which is capable of being oxidized and causes the reduction of other substances without having to be hydrolyzed first. The sulfuric acid causes all non-reducing sugars to be converted to reducing sugars, so that this method determines the total sugars present. Click here to review the details. You can read the details below. Reducing sugars are the most abundant organic molecules found in nature. how to add a lean to onto a metal building; kerry funeral home almonte; capital chemist bathurst it is a carbonyl in disguise), identification of reducing sugars becomes easier. How do you recognize a carbohydrate molecule? All water soluble sugars were extracted in 30 min at 110C. They have the following uses: The uses of non-reducing sugars are the following: How do you know if sugar is reducing or non-reducing? A non-reducing sugar is a sugar or carbohydrate molecule that doesn't have a free aldehyde or ketone group and thus cannot act as a reducing agent. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Many of them are also animated. No warranties or guarantees as to the accuracy of the data and information derived from this web site are expressed or implied. Is there a solution to add special characters from software and how to do it. Non-reducing sugar does not reduce Fehling's solution and Tollens reagent. They do not contain anomeric carbon attached to the hydroxyl (-OH) group. Classification Sugars can also be classified based on their reducing properties. Test to distinguish reducing vs non-reducing sugars, Electron Configuration: The Key to Chemical Reactivity, Braggs Law [n = 2d sin]: A Relationship Between (d & ), Memorizing the Periodic Table: 3 Easy & Proven Ways, Neutralization Reactions: The Acid Base Balancing, Sugars that have a free aldehyde or ketone group and can reduce other compounds, Sugars that do not have a free aldehyde or ketone group and cannot reduce other compounds, Common Examples: glucose, fructose, maltose, Common Examples: sucrose, lactose, cellulose, Positive result with Tollen's reagent (forms a silver mirror), Negative result with Tollen's reagent (no reaction), Color changes are observed in Benedict test, They can be used as precursors in millard reaction. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Jasmine Juliet .R In contrast, most polysaccharides are non-reducing sugars. Starch is used in the preservation of baked food. At 2 y a high relative intake of sugar and fat was associated with a low energy intake and a large weight reduction in the gastroplasty group. Sucrose is their most common source. What are reducing and non-reducing sugars? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a2cccec3f636249 MathJax reference. They give positive result with Tollens test. Use MathJax to format equations. This is because the combination of glucose and fructose forms it. Thus, these molecules cannot convert into an open-chain form with an aldehyde group. rev2023.3.3.43278. Answer (1 of 2): reference: Reducing sugar - Wikipedia Sugars can be classified as "reducing" or "non-reducing" on the basis of the presence of FREE aldehyde (R-CH=O) or ketone (R2C=O) groups in its chemical structure. Most of the reducing sugars are monosaccharides. Maltose is a reducing sugar, while sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. The Maillard reactions occur at lower temperature. Lahore College of Pharmacuetical Sciences(LCPS). Reducing sugars have a sweet taste. Non-reducing sugar is a type of sugar that doesnt have a free aldehyde or ketone group, as a result of which the sugar cannot act as a reducing agent. Consider the disaccharides maltose and fructose. Sugars can be divided into two groups depending on their chemical behaviors: reducing sugars and nonreducing sugars. 24 Types of Oak Trees & Their Characteristics, 8 Difference Between Aldose And Ketose With Examples, 10 Types of Mimosa Trees And Shrubs With How To Identify Them, Types of Chestnut Trees For Your Home Garden, Types of Orange Butterflies Identification Guide, Types of White Spiders Identification Guide, Yellow Butterfly Species Identification Guide, 14 Difference Between Butterflies And Moths. by ; 2022 June 3; lobsters in mythology; 0 . For instance, sucrose is a disaccharide but it is a non-reducing sugar. In the experiment presented here, the Fehling test will be car-ried out with the reducing sugars glucose and fructose and with the non-reducing sugar saccharose, for . 6: Structure of saccharose. Reducing sugar are a good reducing agent. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. sugar has little difference in values no adverse . Keep in mind that the conversion between a hemiacetal and an acetal requires an acid catalyst. sucrose both of the, Such sugars are called non-reducing sugars, The subunits of sucrose (glucose and fructose), If sucrose is hydrolysed the subunit can then act, This is done in the lab by acid hydrolysis, After acid hydrolysis sucrose will reduce. Non-Reducing Sugar Examples. Xylose is an aldopentose-type reducing sugar. How do you identify reducing / non-reducing sugar by looking at structure? whatever happened to matthew simmons. Description: Benedict's reagent undergoes a complex colour change when it is reduced . The reducing sugar content of different jams ranges from 28.00 % to 60.30 %. Ltd. https://pediaa.com/difference-between-reducing-and-nonreducing-sugar/, https://vivadifferences.com/difference-between-reducing-sugar-and-non-reducing-sugar-with-examples/, 9 Major Differences (Reducing Sugar vs Non-Reducing Sugar). Once you realize that a hemiacetal can equilibrate with a carbonyl (e.g. Agricultural College 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 1% to 30% by weight of the non-reducing sugar. Such beta linkages are found in cellulose. In a non-reducing sugar, the anomeric carbon is in an acetal. Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology. Non-reducing sugars include most disaccharides and all polysaccharides. This is because it contains a free ketone group. The way I always heard what that (in a sugar) was that the. It is used as a source of glucose both for energy and as a raw material for cellulose as the plant sprouts and enters its initial growth period. Polyhydroxy aldehydes and Next-to-bottom carbon hydroxyl extends to the right --- a D sugar; cf. In contrast, acetal forms (glycosides) are not reducing sugars, since with base present, the acetal linkage is stable and is not converted to the aldehyde or hemiacetal. June 12, 2022; Posted by rye high school lacrosse schedule; 12 . They give a negative reaction for Fehling's as well as Benedict's test. Calculation of Sugar Acid ratio of some fruits. It is dissolved in water and later benedicts solution is added. Reducing sugars tend to contain aldehyde or ketone groups whereas non-reducing sugars do not contain either aldehyde or ketone groups. figurative language in killers of the flower moon. Avg rating:3.0/5.0. o it detects the presence of free carbonyl group (c=o) of reducing sugars. It is in hemiacetal or hemiketal form whereas non-reducing form is in acetal or ketal form. Non-reducing sugars are either dimers, trimers, or polymers, which are formed of many reducing monomeric units by the formation of a glycosidic bond. After acid hydrolysis sucrose will reduce Benedict's reagent . The disaccharide sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana and U. Chakrapani. Enzymatic catalysis is usually also very specific. Reducing sugars are sugars where the anomeric carbon has an OH group attached that can reduce other compounds. Reducing sugars refers to any sugar that can act as a reducing agent due to the presence of a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group. Reducing sugars give a dark-red color (brick color) when they react with Benedicts solution. Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. Reducing sugar is a type of sugar that consists of a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group, allowing the molecule to act as a reducing agent. Molecular weight of reducing sugars is relatively low. The outcome is that in a reducing sugar the anomeric carbon is in an aldehyde or hemiacetal. Non-reducing sugars give negative result with Tollens test. they consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxy. 10.1 Phloem Structure The main components of phloem are sieve elements companion cells. In the food industry, the level of reduced sugars decides their quality. This is the case with cholesterol: There is another important difference between the hemiacetal and acetal linkages in sugars and saccharides, and that is their reaction with mild oxidizing agents. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Sucrose is the most abundant among the naturally occurring sugars. Most examples of reducing sugars have a sweet taste. This is done by the enzymes called glycosidases which are found in saliva. The linkage between the glucose and fructose units in sucrose, which involves aldehyde and ketone groups, is responsible for the inability of sucrose to act as a reducing sugar. Estimation of reducing and The sugar content in a food sample is estimated by determining the volume of the unknown sugar solution . The linkage between the glucose and fructose units in sucrose, which involves aldehyde and ketone groups, is responsible for the inability of sucrose to act as a reducing sugar. Non-reducing sugars give a negative Fehlings test. Hence, the carbonyl groups of both monosaccharides participate in the glycosidic bond. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for Best PowerPoint Templates from Presentations Magazine. The benedicts and feeling solution test is used to confirm the reducing sugars. Common oxidising agents used to test for the presence of a reducing sugar are: Benedict's Solution (1) Reducing sugars If the oxygen on the anomeric carbon (the carbonyl group) of a sugar is not attached to any other structure, that sugar is a reducing sugar. A hemiacetal form is thus a reducing sugar. We can envision them as being made by the formation of an acetal from a hemiacetal and an alcohol. Disclaimer: we hebben een nultolerantiebeleid tegen illegale pornografie. These reagents are used in basic solution, so that hemiacetals and aldehydes are in equilibrium. Examples of non-reducing sugars include: Sucrose Trehalose Raffinose Gentiarose Melezitose Stachyose Verbascose Sucrose is the most commonly known non-reducing sugar. Terms used for diastereomers with two adjacent chiral C's, without symmetric ends. Key Areas Covered 1. 1. A procedure is described for the extraction of sucrose, glucose and fructose from storage root vegetables. When it is a sugar alcohol, for example in 'sugar-free' gum Sucrose is called a nonreducing sugar because it does not react Chapter 7.1: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides. Is xylose a reducing sugar? - CrystalGraphics offers more PowerPoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Legal. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Pharmacology II,MANIK. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are monosaccharides and are all reducing sugars. Made with by Sagar Aryal. There are the following examples of reducing sugars: What are five examples of non-reducing sugars? They are also found in fungi which rot wood. Non-reducing sugars do not have an OH group attached to the anomeric carbon so they cannot reduce other compounds. Maltose is composed of two a-D-glucose units held together by (1 -> 4) glycosidic bond. In this case there is no hemiacetal functional group, so fructose is a non-reducing sugar. In a non-reducing sugar, the anomeric carbon is in an acetal. The main non-reducing sugar is sucrose, or more commonly known as table sugar. & Reducing form of glucose (the aldehyde group is on the far right) A reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent. Maltose contains a hemiacetal functional group and is a reducing sugar. How to follow the signal when reading the schematic? o this involves the oxidation of the aldehyde functional group (in glucose) and the ketone functional group (in Sugars such as n- glucose and o-fructose give a brick-red color with Benedict's reagent; with Tollens' reagent the silver Any carbohydrate that is able to cause the reduction some other substances without first being hydrolysed is the reducing sugar whereas the acids that do not have a free ketone or an aldehdo group are called the non-reducing sugar. The free aldehyde group present on C 1 of second glucose answers the reducing reactions, beside the osazone formations (sunflower-shaped). Chemical properties of natural colors, chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins Estimation of Carbohydrates by anthrone method, Estimation of reducing and non reducing sugar, General analytical methods of milk powder final, Isolation, industrial production of phytoconstituents by Pooja Khanpara, Isolation, identification & estimation by Pooja Khanpara, Determination of Starch Damage of Sample Flour. All polysaccharides are non-reducing sugars. Do not sell or share my personal information. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? All monosaccharides are reducing sugars along with some disaccharides, some oligosaccharides and some polysaccharides. Only the state of the oxygen on the anomeric carbon determines if the sugar is reducing or nonreducingthe other hydroxyl groups on the molecule are not involved 18. For our purposes, the key feature is the conversion of a hemiacetal and an alcohol to an acetal, with the concurrent release of a molecule of water. It is very sensitive to even small quantities of reducing sugars (0.1%) and yields enough precipitate. This method is non-stoichemetric and so it is necessary to prepare a calibration curve using a series of standards of known carbohydrate concentration.

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