was isaiah written before daniel
There is quite a break in language, content, themes, style, even theology at the beginning of Deutero-Isaiah. "After the incident", I started to be more careful not to trip over things. 6 Behold, it is written before Me: I will not keep silent, but I will repay; I will pay it back into their laps, 7 both for your iniquities and for those of your fathers," says the LORD. An anonym. The narrator remains in this period until the end of the book. But there are similarities. It is said the style of 1-39 and 40-66 is different. concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah." According to 6:1, Isaiah received his call "in the year that King Uzziah died" (742 bc), and . As far as we know, the book has always existed as a single collection, and it has always been called Isaiah. "If this were true, then it's a miracle. ("Darius" in the account of Daniel) took the city without a battle; a few days later Cyrus could march in triumphantly. Alexander the Great, recognizing himself as the object of the vaticination, dismissed the crowd full of joy and promised to Israel any gift he had been asked (Flavius Joseph, Jewish Antiquities, XI, 37). The hypothesis of a One Isaiah is reinforced by the fact that all the Proto Isaiah is pervaded by the omen (Isaiah 29 and Isaiah 40) of an imminent fall of Jerusalem and further deportations by the millennial Babylonian power, only momentarily bent by the ascent of the Assyrian empire. And of whom hast thou been afraid or feared, that thou hast lied, and hast not remembered me, nor laid it to thy heart? idolatry. The term "the Holy One of Israel" referring to God is used many times in Isaiah but rarely outside the book of Isaiah: it is used 15 times in 1-39 and 14 times in 40-66 but only 6 times throughout the rest if the Old Testament and one of those 6 times is when referring to the words of Isaiah (2 Kings 19:22). the violence of war. Every book of prophecy in the Old Testament has the name of the prophet who gave it. who formed you from the womb: who spread out the earth by myself, v24 who says of Cyrus, He is my shepherd, (Isaiah 57:3-11), He burneth part thereof in the fire; with part thereof he eateth flesh; he roasteth roast, and is satisfied: yea, he warmeth himself, and saith, Aha, I am warm, I have seen the fire: that gates may not be closed: 35:10 and 51:11; Paskelbta 16 birelio, 2022 Behind the doors also and the posts hast thou set up thy remembrance: for thou hast discovered thyself to another than me, and art gone up; thou hast enlarged thy bed, and made thee a covenant with them; thou lovedst their bed where thou sawest it. The fact that the Greek terms Kyrios and Kyros may have been misunderstood (Kyrios and Kyros in Greek are common names and can be translated with lord, king, boss, master, authority and guide but Kyros also corresponds to the proper name Cyrus) may have contributed to spread the conviction that the prophet Isaiah made clear reference to the Persian emperor, two centuries in advance. Scholars believe that the prophet Isaiah was a real, historical person who lived during the eighth century, when many of the events recorded in Isaiah historically took place. The Jews felt they could not try to stop the Romans doing this because it was the Sabbath day a poor interpretation of their own scriptures, but, hey, they took those Scriptures seriously, and revered them. . that she has received from the Lords hand Why are there so few prophesies in the Old Testament compared to what there could have been? was isaiah written before daniel. Place or time information is completely missing. It is assumed that Isaiah arranged his writings into their present order, although a scribe or disciple may have done so. Isa 40-55 does not give any information about the person of the prophet. This is a timeline of the development of prophecy among the Jews in Judaism. Isaiah, son of Amoz ('First Isaiah') wrote chapters 1-39, apart from numerous subsequent additions and alterations. The Persian conquest of Babylon, which took place in 538 by Cyrus (who occupied the city without fighting, declaring himself successor of Nabonidus at the behest of the god Marduk), would be treated, however, in some later chapters (Isaiah 46 and 47) belonging to the so-called " Deutero Isaiah. Were there any other known poets during his time? [14] Psalm 22 And in Isaiah 43, the Jews seem to be in Babylon: This is what the Lord says In the book of Esther there are a lot of Persian loan words; in Ezra there are Persian, and some Persian in Chronicles both 1 and 2. But the only Persian loan word in the book of Isaiah is the name "Cyrus". Isaiah was a man who witnessed our Lord (the pre-incarnate Son) sitting on His throne in all His glory. However, theres also evidence that other authors made additions. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Pope Benedict XVI. According to Robert Wilson, Isaiah is notable for the purity of its Hebrew. What can a lawyer do if the client wants him to be acquitted of everything despite serious evidence? Then Isaiah said to Hezekiah, Hear the word of the Lord Almighty: The time will surely come when everything in your palace, and all that your predecessors have stored up until this day, will be carried off to Babylon. Its a single scroll from end to end, with no divisions or signals from a copyist that there is some sort of change between chapter 39 and 40. As a rough guide: Cyrus the Great is the same man as the Neo-Assyrian King Tiglath-Pileser III. Good answer as it goes. 1:20 and 40:5, 58:14; in the ships in which they took pride. 2) As another contributor has already said, the mention of the Assyrian king "Sargon" is also witness that Isaiah 1-39 was written early, because Sargon was unknown to history, including Herodotus, until his palace was discovered in the nineteenth century. . The passages in question are Isaiah 44 and 45, which is in the middle of the so called. When Cyrus issued his decree for them to return the Jews knew that the prophets of Baal and Molech had never predicted these things, but Isaiah, the prophet of the LORD God of their forefathers, had. If you are going to dismiss those folks as "cynics", I'd like to see some backup for that. I merely mean their belief is a cynical view of the book of Isaiah, and necessarily attributes bad motives - including an intention to mislead - to someone, somewhere in the production of the book of Isaiah as we have it today. See also Jewish history which includes links to individual country histories. "Cyrus" is in 44:28 and 45:1 because God is gracious and kind towards his people. During the return from captivity, later disciples added more. Others argue that Isaiah likely wrote an even smaller section of the book, possibly as few as seven chapters (612). But then the timeline appears to skip ahead about 150 years. John Oswalt. Got any scholarly links for this stuff (particularly the second to the last paragraph)? If you know Luther, you know table talk, his comments sitting at table that were collected together. "Modern scholarship considers" is an evasion. 10 Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand. Isaiah lived about 700 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. and subdues kings before him. 3 Reasons Why You Should (Re)consider the Doctrine of Justification. I know what you're going to go through. They were being asked to leave their comfort zones and obey God. Like in the passages before Deutero-Isaiah the whole book was written and rewritten, again and again by a fairly large group of people for quite some time, in many layers, before it became finalised, that is canonised. Until the year 1843, when the excavation at Khorsabad were started. Reasonable difficulties also meet to accept the fact that a prophet could know precisely the name of the Persian king Cyrus who, almost two centuries later, would liberate Israel from the Babylonian captivity. This causes a dispute over when the Gospel was actually written. For historians and for non-believers reasons of perplexity come mainly from the prophecies about the fall of Babylon (Isaiah 13-14 and 21) and the announcement of the liberator Cyrus (Isaiah 44 and 45), considered too distant from the period in which Isaiah lived . and brought to a final form by such careless production processes as modern scholars claim? Sign up for the SearchIsaiah newsletter, you won't regret it. Moreover, in ancient Greek "Kyros", in addition to indicating the proper name of a Persian emperor, meant "power, power, supremacy, absolute authority" and was the probable origin of the best known Greek term "Kyrios" (sir, master, capo), practically equivalent to "O ekon Kuros" (the one with authority). To me, it's much less confusing. The destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile took place in the sixth century, but in chapters 4055, Isaiah speaks about these events as though theyve already happened. There is only one book in the whole Bible which is truly anonymous: the Letter to the Hebrews. 4. (Isaiah 50:11). eballerina96. Frankly, the post-Captivity world in the Old Testament is remarkably similar to our modern world, namely, no graven images, no gross worship of the ancient vicious gods of Baal and Molech, and no miracles either (until the New Testament period). While the Book of Daniel speaks of Artaxerxes, who by the same token, should only have lived two hundred years later! The "7" represents form of divine "signature". And thou wentest to the king with ointment, and didst increase thy perfumes, and didst send thy messengers far off, and didst debase thyself even unto hell. For Isa 41,2-3. Scholars believe that the prophet Isaiah was a real, historical person who lived during the eighth century, when many of the events recorded in Isaiah historically took place. If Chapter 53 could be prophesied by a prophet could not the very same prophet have predicted a deliverer by name, i.e. Is everyone a gullible fool except the modern scholar? Most scholars agree that the prophet Isaiah likely only wrote a portion of the book, but recent scholarship also argues that even the portions he didnt physically write originated with him in some form. There are a few loan words from Egyptian, and a few from Assyrian (Assyrian Akkadian), which was the lingua franca in northern Mesopotamia until it was replaced by Aramaic roughly during the period 750 to 650 BC. Copyright 2020 HarperCollins Publishers. However, I do believe that all that is in the book originated with Isaiah and probably that his disciples then were the ones who collected what he said and commented on and put it in its present form. Dr. "That chapters 13, 14 and 21 refer to the first destruction of Babylon by the Assyrians and not to the subsequent conquest of the city by the Persians (which, however, did not destroy it) also seems to be confirmed by the fact that from chapter 14 in chapter 20 are contained various oracles against the Assyrians, now insignificant people at the time of King Cyrus. Is it plausible for constructed languages to be used to affect thought and control or mold people towards desired outcomes? In the first four centuries of the Vulgar Era -in Isaiah 45.1- an impressive number of Church Fathers, read Kyrios instead of Kyros, giving great emphasis to the translation "to Christ my Lord" instead of "to my anointed Cyrus". Assardhon then ordered the reconstruction of Babylon but Assurbanipal subdued it again (648), after looting Thebes (665) and before destroying Susa (639). Such a belief is cynical, attributing to either the original author or the compilers of the final version a dishonest purpose - to try to produce a document which looks as if the Isaiah of 700 BC was predicting the name of a man who became king of Persia 559 BC and fulfilled some of the prophecy around 539 BC, namely Cyrus. When Cyrus issued his decree then they knew that they had been punished, by being taken into captivity to Babylon, not because they had failed to worship Baal and Molech sufficiently well, but because they had rebelled against the LORD God of their forefathers. After the Jews returned from captivity in the days of Cyrus there was no such gross idolatry. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Moreover, the practice of subjecting Jewish prophetic literature to foreign kings is in line with all Jewish tradition. Born in Jerusalem, Israel, he was said to have found his calling as a prophet when. More scholarly: such passages are very likely a Vaticinium ex eventu: "prophecy from the event" is a technical theological or historiographical term referring to a prophecy written after the author already had information about the events being "foretold". the worship of graven images there was unknown. 35:6 and 41:18; to open doors before him How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner, Below is a list of all the prophetic books of the Old Testament where the author is anonymous:-, Though many readers might not value its witness, the New Testament in many places attributes the whole of the book of Isaiah to the prophet Isaiah. This was the time between the first victories of Cyrus, which gave an indication of the collapse of the Babylonian empire, and the liberation edict of 538 BC, which then allowed the Israelites to return to Palestine, that is to Yehud. and level the exalted places,[a] I recommend the book to all. I name you, though you do not know me. 41 Be silent(A) before me, you islands! They have not known nor understood: for he hath shut their eyes, that they cannot see; and their hearts, that they cannot understand. Those interested in this can search for "Eponym Dating System" in google. and with the last(P)I am he. For they would not follow his ways; and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? it consumed them, but they did not take it to heart. Isaiah 42:24-25. . So our oldest extant copy of Isaiah dates to a much later period than that of Cyrus. Let the nations renew their strength! There are foreign loan words in Nehemiah. When we reflect on the meaning of salvationand on our piety, mission, and life togetherour thought necessarily engages Get expert commentary on biblical languages, fresh explorations in theology, hand-picked book excerpts, author videos, and info on limited-time sales. Those who hold this view either believe that the anonymous author(s) deliberately sought to mislead, in which case the cynic is accusing them of dishonesty, or that the compilers of the final version were dishonest in putting together with a work of the true Isaiah (chapters 1-39) a work which could not have been clearly the work of Isaiah, seeing as, according to the cynics' theory, it was anonymous. and proclaim to her Among the most authoritative testimonies it is necessary, in this regard, to remember: Pseudo Barnabas, Letter of Barnabas, XII, 11; Irenaeus, Exposition of the Apostolic Preaching, 49; Novatian, The Trinity, XXVI; Tertullian, Against Prassea, XI, 7-8 and XXVIII, 11; Tertullian, Against the Jews, VII, 2; Cyprian, Testimonies against the Jews, I, 21. Your offences, and the offences of your fathers together, saith Jehovah, that they have burned incense upon the mountains, and insulted me upon the hills, and I measure their reward first of all into their bosom." I maintain you are holding the looking glass wrong ;) KJV is sometimes better than more modern (helpful?) Unanimous suggests not anonymous. prophecy of Jonah[1] during the time of Babylonian captivity, though dating of the book ranges from the 6th to the late 3rd century BC. It is assumed that Isaiah arranged his writings into their present order, although a scribe or disciple may have done so. 28:5 and 63:3. Were they gullible fools? It is the largest (734 cm) and He was believed to have written chapters 1-39 in The Book of Isaiah with the balance of the book authored by several other prophets. let us meet together(E) at the place of judgment. 9 And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death; because he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth. While other prophets talk about the future, Isaiah seems to talk in the future. I will list a few of them. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from HarperCollins Christian Publishing (501 Nelson Place, Nashville, TN 37214 USA) providing information about products and services of HCCP and its affiliates. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. calling him in righteousness(H) to his service[a]? This was foretold by Isaiah one hundred and forty years before the temple was demolished. Before the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 587 BC there was idolatry and worship of Baal, even child sacrifice in Judaea. Is there any evidence that Assyrian or Babylonian kings ate their enemies? This answer is nonsense. (Isaiah 42:8), But draw near hither, ye sons of the sorceress, the seed of the adulterer and [Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Ezra and Nehemiah] ever mentions the reappearance Fascinating. In Isaiah. Isaiah is the only author represented in the book. [2] c. 520 BC-c. 411 BC [citation needed] prophecy of Haggiah, Zechariah, Joel (?) @FelixGoldberg: He mentions Nicolaus only because he was a close friend of Herod (and, in one place, to criticize him for writing so uncritically about his subject); but after all it's not a modern textbook where the source of every statement has to be given. Concerning God's economy toward His chosen people, Isaiah reveals that all the nations . Yet none of these suggests the slightest practice of have not I held my peace even of old, and thou fearest me not? Is it possible to create a concave light? Its also possible that his original writings were expanded on by later priests living during and after the exile. who alone stretched out the heavens, But already the Jewish commentator Ibn Esra concluded around 1138 that the book was not written in one go. Books and articles that equip you for deeply biblical thinking and ministry. are ye not children of transgression, a seed of falsehood. of idolatry in the land of Judah. There are no Greek loan words and only one Persian. For instance, idolatry is condemned and the burning of their own children to Molech is condemned in chapter 57. Enflaming yourselves with idols under every green tree, slaying the children in the valleys under the clifts of the rocks? Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. translations. in words and deeds, shepherd, throne, shining star ". Of whom is Isaiah writing? When an anonymously written work is produced there arises speculation as the the author. Isaiah to Daniel. This fits with the timeline of chapters 139, where the Babylonian captivity clearly hasnt taken place yet. Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor. In the chapters X and XI the subject is in fact addressed in a spiritual dimension (the remnant of Jacob will be converted to the Powerful God) with clear eschatological values (in messianic times of peace and justice even the wolf and the lamb will dwell together) and with an eager anticipation of real and imminent historical developments (redemption of the distant, collection of the exiles and the return of the missing). Most accept this section of Isaiah was written when it claims to have been written, soon after 700 bc. And some of your descendants, your own flesh and blood who will be born to you, will be taken away, and they will become eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon. Isaiah 39:57. Why do small African island nations perform better than African continental nations, considering democracy and human development? Either way, the book has been preserved in this form since ancient times, and both Jewish and Christian traditions accept it as the inspired Word of God. A major objection is that parts of the book are not . They both lived in the 6th century BC. Daniel served in the royal court of Nebuchadnezzar and several rulers who followed Nebuchadnezzar. calling(N) forth the generations from the beginning? version of the biblical Book of Isaiah. This is confirmed in John 12:41 where John reveals that the prophet Isaiah actually saw Jesus Christ when he had a vision of the Lord on the throne in heavenhundreds of years before Jesus was born. Yet The Book of Isaiah in Chapters 44 and 45 speaks of Cyrus in no uncertain terms: Who is saying of Cyrus, My shepherd, And all my delight He doth One problem with this is that the sins which are so vigorously condemned in 40-66 are the sins of the pre-captivity ie the sins before going into exile in Babylon, they are the sins of Israel and Judah prior to the destruction of the Northern tribes and Judah prior to the destruction of Judah in the early 500s bc. Tartan was a military term in the Assyrian Army and was the highest position in the Army under the King himself. during the time of the Seleucid dynasty. My next question is if the book of Isaiah came about in the way that modern scholars say that it did, with redactors adding portions such as passages about Cyrus after the event it pretends to predict then "Where are all the other books of prophecy"? The Book of Isaiah can be divided into (at least) 3 sections--one of the most popular descriptions is: The Assyria section . In my view, all of the above points 1 to 8 are accumulative evidence that the whole of chapters 44-66, along with the word "Cyrus" in 44:28 and 45:1, was written at the same time as 1-39, before the Babylonian Captivity, which started about 605 BC. In addition, there is no condemnation of idolatry amongst the Jews in the book of Esther either (about 480 to 475 BC), nor in the apocryphal writings between the Testaments. Finally, prophesying Cyrus by name is integral to the book of Isaiah, and though his name is given only twice (44:28, 45:1) he is referred to several more times, though not by name (41:2-4; 41:22-29; 45:2-4; 45:13; 46:11; 48:14-15).
was isaiah written before daniel