magnesium deficiency and h pylori

Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies But some people may be born with more resistance to the harmful effects of H. pylori. Losing Freedoms What Freedoms Are You Losing? Helicobacter pylori (adult). Some vital nutrients may be compromised because of the lack of acid. It's not clear why many people don't have symptoms. Most kept their ulcers for life, controlling their flare-ups with drugs. (2019). Picco MF (expert opinion). Dont drink milk or eat anything with a high calcium content before bed. Although no such studies have been carried out in humans, research has associated poor magnesium intake with lower bone mineral density (11, 12). Marshallused this time to do an extensive literature search and write up all the work they had done thus far ready for presentation. Helicobacter pylori specific IgG antibody levels and plasma magnesium were measured in patients. Put a dash of cordial or juice in the water if you prefer. Scientists have also speculated that magnesium deficiency might promote anxiety, but direct evidence is lacking (7). Even so, Marshall was surrounded by an enthusiastic group of helpers at Fremantle. However, these are not specific signs of a deficiency unless they are accompanied by other symptoms. You may need to take more than one round of treatment to kill the H. pylori bacteria. Symptoms include dull or burning stomach pain, unplanned weight loss and bloody vomit. You must keep your stomach acid up. Review/update the Why? If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could If youre experiencing symptoms and receive treatment, your long-term outlook is generally positive. This percentage . The only downside was that he was forced to finish his collaboration with Warren. Severe magnesium deficiency can result in: Abnormal heart rhythms . This is further highlighted when we look at the environment of the salivary glands and the saliva itself, which show increased levels of calcium, and decreased levels of magnesium.[54,55]. But she had some redness in the stomach. She had severe stomach pain but no diagnosis. Mayo Clinic; 2021. Our small intestine is the gateway for the majority of nutrients to pass into our bloodstream. It also suggests that low stomach acid, not excess acid, is the main cause of digestive problems, which can lead to ulcers and cancer. Careers. Dr Robin Warren and Dr Barry Marshall were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for their research in 2005! GERD and acid reflux are caused by a malfunctioning esophageal sphincter, which allows stomach acid to enter where it should never be found: the esophagus. Accessed Jan. 31, 2022. Its no coincidence that SIBO numbers are rising as our exposure to stress and synthetic/toxic/iron-enriched foods is also at all-time highs: Stress and inflammation both physically damage our cells and impair their energy production, especially the cells of our intestines immune system. Why is the medical profession not using just antibiotics and bismuth as Marshall did way back in 1984? Are you at risk? What is the Best Calcium Supplement for Women? The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). He and Warren still kept in touch and discussed the papers they were writing for The Lancet. The strongest evidence for the benefits of magnesium comes from controlled studies. American Journal of Gastroenterology. There was also an antibiotic available, metronidazole, which was effective in irradicating the cultured bacteria. Untreated, an H.pylori infection can lead to complications. To stophis stomach fromproducingacid which would allow the bacteria to take hold. Ebrahimtabar MZF, et al. Since fatigue is a nonspecific symptom, its cause is impossible to identify unless it is accompanied by other symptoms. Marshall was anxious to share the news about his self experimentation and Warren was equally excited. Magnesium deficiency may cause fatigue or muscle weakness. The bacteria may also be transferred through contact with vomit or stool. Third phase of digestion: pancreatic & intestinal function. If that doesnt work, you may need to take other medications. But despite this proof, it was not recognised or accepted by the medical fraternity. It was common knowledge that gastritis was associated with gastric ulcers but not duodenal ulcers. In worst-case scenarios, deficiency may even cause seizures or convulsions (1, 3). Helicobacter pylori specific IgG antibody levels and plasma magnesium were measured in patients. If H. pylori is present, it hydrolyses the urea and, after 30 minutes, 13 CO 2 appears in breath and can be measured . I bought the calcium supplement over the counter, the pharmacist said that for this particular calcium supplement, I do not need a doctors prescription as it is natural herb type of calcium. As it happens, this unwanted publicity was to change Marshalls life for the good and it was thanks to Warrens temper. Marshall began antibiotic treatment a few days later and his symptoms soon disappeared. Some dislike the taste, salty and bitter. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Flu Shot Side Effects you wont believe it! In addition to its function, magnesium is also required for our pancreas general health: Not only does magnesium supplementation significantly reduce the severity of pancreatitis[61] (a condition of severe pancreatic inflammation), but magnesium intake also serves as a primary preventative measure against pancreatic cancer.[62]. H. pylori is a bacteria that can cause peptic ulcer disease and gastritis. Its not what you think! [87-90] These are more serious conditions than GERD and heartburn. Typically, it simply means you need to rest. Her prescription was antidepressents, for want of a better treatment. At least 4 weeks after finishing your treatment, your doctor will test to make sure the medication eradicated the bacteria. for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. H. pylori infection can affect the stomach, causing irritation and swelling (gastritis). During the Easter holidays, the hospital was fighting an outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus. But the bacteria can damage the inner protective lining of the stomach and cause other diseases, like a peptic ulcer. [49-51] While not life-threatening, sialoliths can be painful. 2014 Dec 1;3(4):101-5. doi: 10.12861/jrip.2014.29. Yes, there is much research to be done but at least those patients with ulcers and gastritis can now be cured and do not have to suffer their whole lives from a condition that was incurable a few decades ago. Deep-sea water containing selenium provides intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers through the upregulation of Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1. It went against everything previously taught. The symptoms of low magnesium can vary. They would often meet for dinner with their wives. [2-5] You can learn more about this on the magnesium & metabolism page. Your comment about medical terms and jargon was much appreciated as I do have concerns about being too technical or not technical enough. H. pylori is a bacteria that can damage the stomachs protective lining. Using a quality trans-dermal magnesium supplement to restore whole-body magnesium levels. In some people, it may cause heart palpitations, which are pauses between heartbeats. (2018). What Is Type 3 Diabetes? Numerous factors influence the risk of developing osteoporosis, including: Interestingly, magnesium deficiency is also a risk factor for osteoporosis. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Warren irritated, blurted out that they knew it was a pathogen because Barry Marshall had just infected himself and damn near died. [1] Digestive organs dont work without ATP, and they cant produce this energy without magnesium. Ches. It is obvious that magnesium ion acquisition is . Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Are Stomach Ulcers Visible on an Ultrasound? Whatever the outcome, try to regularly eat plenty of magnesium-rich whole foods, such as nuts, seeds, grains, and beans. We also need magnesium specifically to pump stomach acid into the stomach cavity to digest protein: From all the different kinds of cells that make up our stomach, the parietal cells are the ones that pump hydrogen and chloride ions (hydrochloric/stomach acid) into the stomachs digestive area. In more advanced cases, someone with magnesium deficiency could experience heart problems . Salivary gland stones are called sialoliths, and sialolithiasis is a common disorder of the salivary glands. If untreated they can lead to salivary gland deterioration, and grow to almost an inch in size, requiring surgical removal. He soaked a filter paper disc in CBS and placed it in the middle of a Petri dish inoculated with H. pylori. Some of these are: Pumpkin or Squash Seeds (317mg per quarter cup) Brazil Nuts (133mg per quarter cup) Salmon (92mg per 2.5k ounce fillet) Dry Roasted Almonds (80mg in 1 ounce) H. pylori may also be spread through contaminated food or water. Work these heart-healthy habits into your lifestyle. Infection with H. pylori can be confirmed by a test done on a sample of stools (faeces), by a breath test, by a blood test, or from a biopsy sample taken during a gastroscopy (endoscopy). Solutions to restore magnesium levels and improve digestion. If you have an H. pylori infection that isnt causing you any problems and you arent at increased risk of stomach cancer, treatment may not offer any benefits. This sphincters malfunction is caused by intra-abdominal pressure. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Always split your doses. Fortunately, I do not suffer from ulcers or stomach problems. Your risk is higher if you: If you have symptoms of a digestive condition, you may need to get tested for H. pylori. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Interestingly, an inhaler with magnesium sulfate is sometimes given to people with severe asthma to help relax and expand the airways. It's needed for healthy bones, heart, muscles, and nerves.It helps your body control energy, blood sugar, blood pressure . This documented story and the subsequent records from the treated patients was also important. Good luck, good health and sweet dreams! Together you can decide whether you may benefit from H. pylori testing. Seek immediate medical help if you have: There is a problem with Thanks for the kind comments Kyle. Fatigue, a condition characterized by physical or mental exhaustion or weakness, is another symptom of magnesium deficiency. H. pylori is adapted to live in the harsh, acidic environment of the stomach. Ches. Calcium and magnesium deficiencies lead to osteoporosis. Hypertension Guidelines Danger level now classed as 130/80!! Some of my patients had postponed surgery which became unnecessary after asimple 2 week course of antibiotics and bismuth. If we combine this information with your protected but here is a truly incredible post from Tezzzzzzzi regarding magnesium and their theory regarding magnesium deficiency. Learn more about its causes and symptoms. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. If youre always tired and cant sleep, this will definitely help you. It was an inconsiderate journalist. When signs or symptoms do occur with H. pylori infection, they are typically related to gastritis or a peptic ulcer and may include: Make an appointment with your health care provider if you notice any signs and symptoms that may be gastritis or a peptic ulcer. Keep in mind that everyone becomes fatigued from time to time. Symptoms of a peptic ulcer from H. pylori include: While rare, stomach cancer is also an increased risk for people with H. pylori. Helicobacter pylori specific IgG antibody and serum magnesium in type-2 diabetes mellitus chronic kidney disease patients. Seeds, nuts, cocoa, beans, and whole grains are great sources of magnesium. While magnesium wont heal sialolithiasis on its own, it is known to reverse calcification, and it definitely can prevent it. It mostly occurs in children. Early signs of magnesium deficiency may include: nausea vomiting loss of appetite fatigue weakness As deficiency progresses, people may experience: lower calcium levels in the blood, known as. Though conventional treatments for H. pylori bacteria are your best bet for a speedy recovery, natural remedies may enhance first-line care. Sections include: We can find the following 3 biological roles of magnesium in every system of the body, because they are fundamental to life itself: energy production, physical structure, and cellular protection. Out of desperation and frustration, he came up with the idea of infecting himself. If you're concerned about H. pylori infection or you think you may have a high risk of stomach cancer, talk to your health care provider. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is the most common chronic bacterial infection in humans [1, 2].Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is also a common condition with a prevalence of 1-2% of the adult population in the USA [] and up to 16.6% in older adults [].More recent reports suggest a variable and higher prevalence of anemia in older adults, ranging between 2.9% and 61%, depending on the . It makes sense then that another link between salivary function, diabetes and magnesium has been found: Not only do diabetic people have impaired salivary function and make less saliva, but their saliva also has higher concentrations of calcium, and lower concentrations of magnesium than that of healthy people. He would be working with Robin Warren again along with other colleagues. H. pylori infections can lead to peptic ulcers in some people. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. H. pylori bacteria are usually passed from person to person through direct contact with saliva, vomit or stool. These are the some of the best, scientifically-backed treatments to naturally fight this bacterial infection: 1. An RBC blood test, which measures magnesium levels in the red blood cells themselves, is more sensitive and accurate than the more commonly ordered serum magnesium blood test (39, 46). Try and avoid PPIs which are now available off the counter and dont take antacids like tums. Scientists believe the weakness is caused by the loss of potassium in muscle cells, a condition associated with magnesium deficiency (14, 15). An official website of the United States government. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! [57] This utilizes a special hydrogen/potassium pump called an H+/K+ ATPase pump. Testing for magnesium levels can be challenging because magnesium tends to collect in tissue and bone, not blood. stomach pain. [13-18] This explains why magnesium deficiency leads to inflammation and malfunction of the heart and intestine[19,20] and why it is found in up to 88% of people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. However, I found your article very informative with very minimal technical medical jargon. Second, it converts the digestive enzyme pepsin, into its active form pepsinogen. Keep up the good work! They include the painful sensation of stomach acid touching our esophagus. The table below shows the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or adequate intake (AI) of magnesium for males and females in the United States (39). Your email address will not be published. A peptic ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer. Jundishapur J Microbiol. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. How lucky it was that these two researchers were as tenacious as they were. Eating less refined carbohydrates to prevent excess fuel for intestinal bacteria. Cells maintain their structure by assembling dietary amino acids into the proteins that repair and/or become an actual part of the cells themselves. This was to change the lives of millions of gastritis and ulcer sufferers. Magnesium deficiency can cause or worsen arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, which may increase the risk of more serious complications, such as a stroke or heart failure. Stomach acid production requires magnesium. Signs and symptoms of stomach cancer. Energy, protection, and repair of digestive organs needs magnesium. 2021; doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.630852. Arrhythmia can range from causing no symptoms to causing very serious symptoms. The site is secure. In 1979, he found evidence of bacteria in a stomach biopsy from a man with severe gastritis. Always split your doses. 3rd December 2018 Digestion bacteria, gastritis, H. pylori infection, helicobacter pylori, ulcers Ches Power Dr Robin Warren I know what you're saying - what on earth is H. pylori infection and have I got it? While antibiotics help, magnesium has a fundamental role in fighting bacteria, without any side-effects. Marshall was able to prove his claim to be the first along with Warren. The infections are thought to spread from one persons mouth to another, like by kissing. An attached camera will send back images on a monitor for a healthcare professional to see. Dr Skirrows registrar successfully isolated the bacteria 3 days later. However, its role in the development of asthma is not entirely understood. However its also the environment that is most exposed to bacteria and inflammation,[63] which are both extremely damaging to intestinal cells. [58,59] Without magnesium, our stomach cant make the acid that initiates protein digestion. This proves that taking these drugs seriously impairs your capacity to digest and absorb nutrients because of induced low stomach acidity. Chessie, Thanks. Mg(2+) acquisition by CorA is essential for Helicobacter pylori in vitro. 2007 Jun;18(2):215-9. PMC We concluded that high serum magnesium level and probably its higher concentration in gastric mucosa might facilitate the colonization of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach of hemodialysis patients, although more studies are needed to prove the clinical relevance of this finding (Tab. The H in the name is short for Helicobacter. There are several ways to diagnose an H. pylori infection, including: A healthcare professional may recommend getting an endoscopy if the results of the other tests are inconclusive. Nevertheless, more studies are needed before its role can be fully understood. Magnesium deficiency, also known as hypomagnesemia, is an often-overlooked health problem. Would you like email updates of new search results? Duodenitis is inflammation of the. I keep a 1 litre (about 2 pints) jug of water on the side with the days amount in it (I take 600mg per day) and drink during the day with the highest amount for the evening before bed. include protected health information. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Introduction. Second phase of digestion: stomach & protein break down. eCollection 2014. If you develop signs and symptoms of a peptic ulcer, your health care provider will probably test you for H. pylori infection. Now, as we will follow the path of digestion our food takes until it enters our bloodstream, we will see how magnesiums role in these fundamental processes helps with each phase of digestion. For those taking antacid drugs, the pain of acid in the esophagus subsides because they lose the ability to make acid. Testing for stomach ulcers might require invasive tests. Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of peptic ulcer disease worldwide and a major cause of chronic superficial gastritis leading to atrophy of gastric glands. If only the medical community had taken notice and started listening and upping the research. Below is the magnesium content in 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of some of the best sources (40, 41, 42, 43, 44): For example, just 1 ounce (28.4 grams) of almonds provides 19% of the RDA for magnesium. The best one to buy is magnesium chloride which comes in solution. Drug Side Effects Trust me Im a doctor! Iv also lost 27lbs /12kgs during the last 5 months. Low selenium levels have been associated with a number of negative health outcomes, including suppressed immune function and an increased risk of, Bananas are often the first food you think of when you want potassium, but plenty of other foods are rich in this mineral. . As Marshall himself writes: I was successfully experimentally treating patients who had suffered with life threateningulcer disease for years. This can lead to stomach problems. At the end of 1984 Marshall moved back to Royal Perth Hospital to conduct a double blind trial for antibiotics to see if they could cure duodenal ulcers. This stomach-acid pump is magnesium-dependent. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with Meanwhile the chemical component of the stomachs protein digestion is also the most critical and energy-demanding: the making of stomach acid by the stomachs parietal cells[56], which also requires magnesium: Stomach acid production is stimulated by hormones & neurotransmitters whose creation (via protein synthesis), and delivery (via nervous and cardiovascular systems) need magnesium. Here we go again are we being pinkwashed?. Talk with your doctor about creating a plan to increase your magnesium intake that works well for your needs. Another more specific sign of magnesium deficiency is muscle weakness, which may be caused by myasthenia gravis (13). Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a gram-negative pathogen, has been shown to colonize multiple organs and cause various forms of extra-gastrointestinal diseases.The association of H. pylori infection with vitamin D status in apparently healthy children remained unclear; therefore, we investigated the relationship between vitamin D and H. pylori infection among apparently healthy infants and . Because bacteria in our intestine feed on carbohydrates,[85] stomach acid also prevents bacterial overgrowth another way: It signals our pancreas to release digestive enzymes into our intestine which break carbs down into glucose. Energy is created when cells convert fat molecules (fatty acids) or sugar molecules (glucose) into units of molecular energy called ATP. Another endoscopy proved all traces ofHelicobater pylori had gone. We already know that Marshall was treating and curing patients with ulcers way back in 1984. 2014 Jul 1;9(7):e96006. Could it be something to do with still pushing cimetidine and other money spinning PPI drugs? This content does not have an Arabic version. Organs are made of functional units called cells. 2022. *Marshalltook an anti-acid drug known as cimetidine (Tagamet), a proton pump type inhibitor, for one month before drinking the H. pylori culture. Abnormal eye movements ( nystagmus ). About 10% of people with H. pylori will develop an ulcer. The richest sources are seeds and nuts, but whole grains, beans, and leafy green vegetables are also relatively good sources. Warren and Marshall presented their findings to the College of Physicians at RPH in October 1982. This article lists 7 symptoms of magnesium deficiency. Wing EJ, et al., eds. Ches. Antacids: Tums & Rolaids Tums & Rolaids Hydroxide salt: AlternaGEL, Milk of magnesia (MOM) Sodium Bicarbonate: Alka-Seltzer - sodium - contraindicated in pt with CHF, HTN, may cause metabolic alkalosis Combination products (aluminum and magnesium): Gaviscon, Maalox, Mylanta Magnesium = Diarrhea (magnesium - avoid in patients with renal . Whenever there was chronic gastritis, the bacteria was present. This fact was laid down in medical textbooks. H. pylori often infects a persons stomach during childhood. He summised that CBS should have anti-microbial properties and he proceeded to test it. It is more practical to use symptoms to detect nutrient deficiencies. It was here thatMarshall found out why colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) reduced the relapse rate of ulcers. However, it is typically asymptomatic until serum magnesium concentration is less 1.2 mg/dL (0.5 mmol/L). This treatment is sometimes referred to as triple therapy. 2019; doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i37.5578. With that said, most people infected with H. pylori never develop stomach cancer. Conclusion, Blood Pressure and Magnesium Deficiency Part 1, Blood Pressure and Magnesium Deficiency Part 2, Best Blood Pressure Monitors Home Use Part 1, Best Blood Pressure Monitors Home Use Part 2, Best Blood Pressure Monitors Home Use Part 3, Best Blood Pressure Monitors Home Use Part 4. Mg Chloride in liquid form such as ReMag or Ionic Mg is 100% bioavailable and is the best to take IMHO. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Objectives: Systematic review to assess whether H. pylori infection is associated with reduced micronutrient levels (other than iron) in the plasma or gastric juice and whether low micronutrient levels are modified by eradication treatment. In some cases, deficiency may be underdiagnosed since the obvious signs commonly dont appear until your levels become severely low. Magnesiums vitality to salivary function looks even more important when we realize that saliva also plays a role in oral hygiene, wound healing, and enhancing the function and health of other digestive areas.[43]. Unfortunately, we often consume twice, three times or more. Lets sum up the entire issue: Once stomach acid is impaired (either by insufficient nutrients or PPI drugs) and bacterial overgrowth has begun, the condition becomes a self-perpetuating cycle. What are the complications of H. pylori infections? privacy practices. (52%) H. pylori infected patients had normal vitamin level and the mean age SD of such category's male and female was 47.486 15.154 and 48.365 14.277 respectively (P=0.793). The Australian Medical Research Council was to fund the trail on the condition Marshall could enlist a large number of patients. While infections with this strain of bacteria typically dont cause symptoms, they can lead to diseases in some people, including peptic ulcers and an inflammatory stomach condition known as gastritis. Accessed Jan. 31, 2022. This was despite the fact that patients were being treated and cured with a disease that many had suffered for years. H. pylori infection is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and the growing awareness of its role in diabetes is important for the early detection of glucose dysregulation and prevention of T2DM in high-risk communities. Most of his work was rejected for publication and the research was met with constant criticism. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096006. Accessed Jan. 31, 2022. Here are 12 ways that magnesium can improve your health. information submitted for this request. Regardless of the cause, hypomagnesemia begins to occur after a relatively small magnesium deficit because there is little rapid exchange of extracellular magnesium with the much larger bone and cell stores. At 5 am the next morning, Warren received a phone call from the USA. I want to tell you a story of two amazing researchers who discovered why we get stomach ulcers and even proved it. Muscle twitches and cramps. Foods With High Magnesium are you Mg deficient? Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), one of the most common infectious bacteria, is known as the cause of digestive tract diseases. In short, it seems that a lack of magnesium may cause nerve dysfunction and promote mental health conditions in some people. The writing flows from one paragraph to the next. H pylori regimens include triple therapy, sequential therapy (patient is given one treatment, followed by another), quadruple therapy, and . [Are there relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastrin levels in long term hemodialysed patients?]. 8600 Rockville Pike Last medically reviewed on December 1, 2021. Magnesium deficiency has been associated with severe asthma. Good job. This is largely because children may not always practice proper hygiene. Magnesium deficiency may be one of the risk factors for osteoporosis and bone fractures, though many factors influence this risk. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health This page looks at how our digestive organs and all three phases of digestion require magnesium, and why magnesium deficiency can lead to digestive disorders. Magnesium is an important mineral for your body and brain. All rights reserved. The organs structural health is a direct result of its cells structural health. 1. The Mayo Clinic carried out post- mortems on vehicle fatalities or partial gastrectomy patients. You should also get medical attention right away if you experience: Its still not known exactly how H. pylori infections spread. While controversial, I believe that a common infection can cause not just ulcers but reflux as well. However, severe or persistent fatigue may be a sign of a health problem. After all, it was written in the text books! However, it is more common in people staying . In Barry Marshalls nobel prize speech he mentioned that Warrens wife had indicated in 1982 that there may be a nobel prize in the offing for this research. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. One driven to putting his own life at risk to prove something that had already been proven.

Find A Grave At Holy Cross Cemetery, Oneida County Real Property Records, How Does Wiaa Determine Divisions, Articles M