tripartite model of multicultural counseling

Wade, P., & Bernstein, B. L. (1991). As noted, Sue and colleagues (1992) conceptualization of MCCs include three dimensions: 1) beliefs and attitudes, 2) knowledge, and 3) skills (Sue et al., 1982, Sue et al., 1992). Position paper: Cross-cultural counseling competencies. Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. population 2014 to 2060. 2014 ACA code of ethics. Present three examples of how a counselor's lack of cultural awareness could affect the quality and outcome of counseling. Sue and colleagues (1992) described the three dimensions of culturally competent counselors as: 1) being aware of their own values, beliefs, and worldviews, and limitations that might impact their work with a culturally different client; paying special attention to the impact ethnocentrism might have on their work with racially, ethnically, and otherwise culturally different clients; 2) making a genuine effort to understand the clients values, beliefs, and worldviews, and how those impact the clients life; the counselor approaches this in a nonjudgmental manner and accepts the clients worldviews as a valid way of life; 3) and possessing the skills and interventions necessary for working with the culturally different client, as well as practicing them in their work with the particular client (Sue et al. Therapist-reported alliance: Is it really a predictor of outcome? Multicultural counseling competencies: An analysis ofresearch on clients perceptions: Comment on Owen, Leach, Wampold, and Rodolfa(2011). Cornish and colleagues (2010) defined MCC as, the extent to which a psychotherapist is actively engaged in the process of self-awareness, obtaining knowledge, and implementing skills in working with diverse individuals (p. 7). (2014) examined the therapeutic experiences of racial and ethnic minority clients (. racial and ethnic disparities in health care. It has also generated a controversy over how multicultural issues might be addressed in multicultural counseling research and practice. Farook, M. W. (2018). (2003). d. All of the above. Description. Counseling . Writings on multicultural counseling competence usually imply that it exists for one of . Norcross, J. C. (2010). In a later study, Constantine (2007) examined the experience of African American clients (. Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy uses, Personality Disorder & A Missed Clinical Turning Point, Counseling for Teens and Young Adults With an Autism Spectrum Diagnosis. The model is based on a 3 4 5 design that allows for the systematic identi-fication of cultural competence in several different combinations. Atkinson, D. R., & Lowe, S. M. (1995). . Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Figure 1. Constantine also found that clients perceptions of their counselors MCCs mediated the relationship between their general counseling competence and treatment satisfaction (Constantine, 2002). The main purpose of multicultural counseling is creating a positive and friendly environment, when counseling clients from an ethical or racial background or minority group. Group Model The group was established to . journal of employment counselingDecember2011Volume48 151 For the first step of the cultural accommodation process, we counselors need to examine which aspects of the counseling model or theory in question can be considered culture- general and be extended to other cultural groups beyond the dominant culture (e.g . Similar to the definition of MCC, there are many conceptualizations of MCC. 491 Words. Part I: Concepts and Theories. In another study, Constantine (2001) found that counselors who reported higher levels of formal multicultural training rated higher on a self-report measure of empathy, and that counselors who had an integrative theoretical orientation were more likely to be rated higher on their multicultural case conceptualization ability. Although the MCC tripartite framework continues to receive support and is implemented across a host of training programs . Client and therapist, Owen, J., Reese, R. J., Quirk, K., & Rodolfa, E. (2013). Jessica Gonzalez, Sejal M. Barden, Julia Sharp Exploring client outcomes is a primary goal for counselors; however, gaps in empirical research exist related to the relationship between client outcomes, the working alliance, and counselor characteristics. This is followed by a delineation of the components of the current integrative model: (a) Outgroup homogeneity effect . According to S. Sue (1998), MCC is the ability to appreciate diverse cultures and populations, and the ability to effectively work with culturally diverse individuals. The 1970s was a time of social awakening and upheaval, including the countercultural movement against . Scale. 32 mixes. why is multicultural competence important? The role of ethnicity, cultural knowledge, and. , 67-77. doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.731088, Owen, J., Tao, K. W., Imel, Z. E., Wampold, B. E., & Rodolfa, E. (2014). Constantine also found that clients perceptions of their counselors MCCs mediated the relationship between their general counseling competence and treatment satisfaction (Constantine, 2002). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 342-354.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.342, Kitaoka, S. K. (2005). As a new student of Humans Services, with a goal to obtain an LICSW, also being a 52 year old white male, who has been engaged in self improvement, starting over, it is very apparent that there needs to be an awareness of just how diverse we all are. A relationship between therapist MCC and psychotherapy processes and psychotherapy outcomes with actual clients has also been found. D. W. Sue, Arredondo, and McDavis (1992) defined MCC as counselors having the awareness of their own worldviews, biases, and beliefs related to racial and ethnic minorities, understanding the worldviews of individual clients, and acquiring and using culturally responsive interventions and strategies in their work with clients. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements. When counselors acquire (a) awareness of one's own enculturation and related (2011) found that clients ratings of microaggressions had a negative relationship with treatment outcomes. The strong correlations between therapist MCC and psychotherapy process suggest that the two processes might occur simultaneously. conventional techniques in counseling and psychotherapy. measure of clients perceptions of therapists alliance activity. This theory includes three aspects of multicultural competency: knowledge, awareness, and skills. helping role and process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients, recognizes client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions, advocates the use of universal and culture specific strategies and roles in the healing . Greenberg et al. These changes demand that counselors and therapists prepare to effectively serve the needs of these diverse populations. Penn Medicine is dedicated to our tripartite mission of providing the highest level of care to patients, conducting innovative research, and educating future leaders in the field of . The three MCC measures are the Multicultural Counseling Inventory (MCI; Sodowsky, Taffe, Gutkin, & Wise, 1994), the Multicultural Awareness-Knowledge-and-Skills Survey (MAKSS; DAndrea, Daniels, & Heck, 1991; Kim, Cartwright, Asay, & DAndrea, 2003), and the modified self-report version of the Cross-Cultural Counseling Inventory-Revised (CCCI-R; LaFromboise, Coleman, & Hernandez, 1991). 2010 amendments to the 2002 Ethical Principles. The definitions and dimensions of MCC continue to be defined and redefined, along with models counselors can use to develop their MCCs. structure of the Cross-Cultural Counseling Inventory-Revised. Development and factor structure of the Cross-Cultural Counseling Inventory-Revised. The negative impact of therapist biases and discriminatory attitudes on the therapeutic relationship and treatment outcomes are documented in several studies (e.g., Constantine, 2007; Owen et al., 2014; Owen, Tao, & Rodolfa, 2010). (2014). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Therapeutic alliance refers to the quality of relationship between the therapist and client, the therapists ability to engage the client and aid in effecting change in the client (Owen, Tao, Imel, Wampold, & Rodolfa, 2014). counselor race, and Black womens cultural mistrust and self-disclosures. Coping with family conflict and economic strain: The adolescent perspective. competencies research: A 20-year content analysis. Ottavi, T. M., Pope-Davis, D. B., & Dings, J. G. (1994). The use of multicultural case conceptualization ability provided assessment of demonstrated skills rather than self-reported empathy or self-reported awareness, knowledge, or skills alone (Constantine, 2001). . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Wadsworth, M., & Compas, B. = 120) at a university counseling center to explore whether experiences of microaggressions are being addressed in therapy. Multicultural Guidelines: An ecological Approach, to context, identity, and intersectionality, . Personal Cultural Identity. Multidimensional facets of cultural competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 57-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.38.1.57, Greenberg, G. A., & Rosenheck, R. A. Multidimensional Model for Developing Cultural Competence33 Figure 3. Paved with good intentions: Do public health and human service providers contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in health? , 790-821. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/10.1177/0011000001296002. Counselor content orientation,counselor race, and Black womens cultural mistrust and self-disclosures. According to S. Sue (1998), MCC is the ability to appreciate diverse cultures and populations, and the ability to effectively work with culturally diverse individuals. Another critique of MCC measures is that some self-report measures of MCC might be assessing counselors self-efficacy in multicultural counseling instead of MCC (Constantine & Ladany, 2000; Ottavi, Pope-Davis, & Dings, 1994). 1982; Sue et al., 1992; S. Sue et al., 1998). These guidelines, ethical principles, and codes suggest that it is unethical for counselors and psychologists to provide services to culturally diverse populations if they have not had any education and training in multicultural competencies. of multicultural competence: (a) specific racial/cultural group perspectives, (b) components of cultural competence, and (c) foci of cultural competence. the most influential tripartite model of cultural competence developed by D. W Sue, Arredondo and . Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. Scholars and researchers have defined MCC in various ways (Cornish, Schreier, Nadkarni, Henderson Metzger, & Rodolfa, 2010). Position paper: Cross-cultural counseling competencies. Convergent and discriminant validation by themultitrait-multimethod matrix. 2015/demo/p25-1143.html, Connors, G. J., Carroll, K. M., DiClemente, C. C., Longabaugh, R., & Donovan, D. M. (1997). It is apparent the importance of crossing the lines in multi cultural competency, unless we prepare the children in the early stages of life to accept each other, the need for therapeutic care will continue to be a part of intensive training for professional multi cultural competent counselors. Mexican-American acculturation. Clients of therapists who attended a culture sensitivity training attended more follow-up sessions and reported higher satisfaction with the therapeutic process compared to clients of therapists who did not attend a culture sensitivity training. Addressing racial andethnic microaggressions in therapy. Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. Understanding this, I believe could be implemented in elementary school. Farook, M. W. (2018). (1991). Greenberg, L. S., Watson, J. C., Elliot, R., & Bohart, A. C. (2001). . In J. G. Ponterotto, Atkinson, D. R., & Matsushita, Y. J. Empathy. Worthington, R. L., & Dillon, F. R. (2011). a0022221. Evaluating the impact of multicultural, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991.tb01576.x. Development of the, Multicultural Counseling Inventory. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44, Ridley, C. R., & Shaw-Ridley, M. (2011). These results are congruent with the Asian value of favoring immediate problem resolution early in therapy and anticipating emotional needs of others for interpersonal harmony (Sue & Sue, 2012). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Racial and ethnic minorities are also more likely to leave treatment prematurely and less likely to seek mental health care (Holden & Xanthos, 2009). completed what was the most comprehensive Models of multicultural counseling. Kitaoka, S. K. (2005). Furthermore, therapeutic alliance ratings were even lower for clients who experienced microaggressions, but did not discuss it with their therapists, compared to clients who experienced microaggressions and discussed it with their therapist and clients who did not experience any microaggressions. Handbook of multicultural counseling competencies. The Clash of Civilization: Twenty Years On. complexity models into cross-cultural psychotherapy and career counseling, which was introduced by Leong and his colleagues as part of their integrative and multidi- mensional model (Leong, 1996 . Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 31. Alliance in action: A new measure of clients perceptions of therapists alliance activity. competencies and psychotherapy process and outcome. Psychotherapy relationships that work II. ), (pp. (2003). multicultural case conceptualization ability in counselors. While knowledge and awareness are important, it also is important to enhance skill development in counselors-in-training. (2003). Some direct measures use specific MCC models to assess therapist MCC by focusing on the therapists skills and interventions, while indirect measures focus on concepts related to MCC, such as engaging in microaggressions or measuring cultural humility (Tao et al., 2015). Clinical Impact Statement: A review of the existing research on the effectiveness of multicultural competencies indicates mixed results and various limitations, and suggests the need for further research using stronger measures and real clients. Although previous articles detailed guidelines of best cross-cultural practices, Arredondo et al. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental. Self-report multicultural counseling competence, scales: Their relation to social desirability attitudes and multicultural case. However national symbols are powerful and often triggers behaviours and emotional states. However, clients ratings of therapeutic alliance mediated the relationship between clients perceptions of microaggressions in therapy and treatment outcomes. Due to changes in demographics in the United States, counselors and therapists are likely to serve clients who have a culturally diverse background. If we dont learn about each other and how different we are culturally, it can be very difficult , I would believe, to be able to relate at the basic human level of compassion for one another, and reaching the basic human core. Ponterotto, J. G., Fuertes, J. N., & Chen, E. C. (2000). Chapter 1: Multicultural Counseling Competence: History, Themes, and Issues Chapter 2: Models of Multicultural Competence: A Critical Evaluation Chapter 3: An Ecological Perspective on Cultural Identity Development Chapter 4: Gender, Feminism, and Multicultural Competencies Chapter 5: A Philosophy of Science for Cross-Cultural Psychology (Eds.). Change in mental health service delivery amongBlacks, Whites, and Hispanics in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Culturally Diverse Counseling: Theory and Practice adopts a unique strengths-based approach in teaching students to focus on the positive attributes of individual clients and incorporate those strengths, along with other essential cultural considerations, into their diagnosis and treatment. Shim, R. S., Baltrus, P., Bradford, L. D., Holden, K. B., Fresh, E., & Fuller, L. E. (2013). Furthermore, therapeutic alliance ratings were even lower for clients who experienced microaggressions, but did not discuss it with their therapists, compared to clients who experienced microaggressions and discussed it with their therapist and clients who did not experience any microaggressions. 113-141). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. American Psychologist,58(5), 377-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.5.377. As noted, Sue and colleagues (1992) conceptualization of MCCs include three dimensions: 1) beliefs and attitudes, 2) knowledge, and 3) skills (Sue et al., 1982, Sue et al., 1992). multicultural counseling and therapy. Still, therapists exhibit difficulties with accurately assessing both therapeutic alliance and empathy in clinical practice (Greenberg et al., 2001). This association between clients ratings of therapist MCC and psychotherapy outcomes is supported by similar findings in the empirical literature, such as the association between therapist MCC and psychotherapy processes that include working alliance, empathy, genuineness, goal consensus and collaboration, and alliance-rupture repair (e.g., Elliott, Bohart, Watson, & Greenberg, 2011; Norcross & Lambert, 2011). National health disparities report. Although there has been growth in research and services on the health and mental health needs of racial and ethnic minorities, racial and ethnic minority populations in the U.S. suffer disproportionally from mental health disparities (Dillon et al., 2016; Holden et al., 2014;Smedley, Stith, & Nelson, 2003). Journal of CounselingPsychology, 38(4), 473-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.38.4.473. Owen, J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.351, Zilcha-Mano, S., & Errzuriz, P. (2015). For example, the design of colours of flags of . This finding supports evidence from other empirical studies that found therapists are often inaccurate in their assessment of therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes, suggesting the need for improvement in research, education, and training to enhance therapists ability to accurately assess therapeutic alliance and treatment progress. Journal of the National Medical Association, 105(2), 183-191. The literature on alliance and psychotherapy outcomes indicate that stronger therapeutic alliance is associated with improved outcomes (Owen, 2012; Owen, Tao, et al., 2011; Owen, Reese, Quirk, & Rodolfa, 2013; Zilcha-Mano & Errzuriz, 2015; Zilcha-Mano et al., 2015). Due to these results, Constantine and Ladany (2000) recommend the use of social desirability measures in MCC studies that use existing self-report measures. (4), 380-384. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.380. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, LaFromboise, T. D., Coleman, H. L. K., & Hernandez, A. Moreover, clients perception of their counselors MCC predicted satisfaction beyond the variance previously accounted for by general counseling competencies (Constantine, 2002). A self-report measure of multicultural. As a result of these economic and cultural shifts, . Multicultural counseling developed out of a growing public awareness that the old ways of performing counseling work no longer applied and that they were in fact detrimental to those who were not in racial, cultural, and social majority groups. Increases in diverse clientele have caused counselor education to enhance its focus on multicultural pedagogy, using the Tripartite Model (TM) to impart multicultural learning. Clients ratings of empathy (, = .25) were the most predictive of treatment outcomes compared to observer ratings (, = .18). Some studies indicate that there is a positive relationship between multicultural competencies and therapy outcomes (Atkinson & Lowe, 1995; Ponterotto, Fuertes, & Chen, 2000), while others indicate a lack of association or weak relationship between therapists multicultural competencies and treatment outcome (Owen, Leach, et al., 2011; Tao et al., 2015). Exclusive nature of Multiculturalism Sociopolitical Nature of Counseling/Therapy The Nature of Multicultural Counseling Competence. What are the multicultural counseling competencies? As the acceptance of MCC has grown over the last three decades, there have been many conceptual and indirect empirical research on MCC (Ridley & Shaw-Ridley, 2011; Worthington et al., 2007). In the early 1920s, the counseling profession consisted primarily of a. mental health counseling. Psychotherapy, 48, 43-49. doi:10.1037/ a0022187, Gim, R. H., Atkinson, D. R., & Kim, S. J. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 16-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ Development and initial validation of the Multicultural Counseling Awareness. In G. R. Sodowsky & J. C. Impara (Eds. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/about/policy/multicultural-guidelines.pdf, Arredondo, P., Toporek, R., Brown, S. P., Jones, J., Locke, D. C., Sanchez, J., & Stadler, H.(1996). Constantines (2002) study of clients of color (, = 112) at a college counseling center found that clients perceptions of their counselors (trainees) MCC and general counseling competencies predicted their satisfaction with treatment. Comparisons of Multilevel Modeling and Structural Equation Modeling Approaches to Actor-Partner Interdependence Model Sehee Hong, . Zilcha-Mano, S., Solomonov, N., Chui, H., McCarthy, K. S., Barrett, M. S., & Barber, J. P. (2015). Sue and colleagues (1982) developed the tripartite model of MCCs that include attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, and skills. Psychotherapy, 48(3), 274-282. doi:10.1037/a0022065, Owen, J., Tao, K., & Rodolfa, E. (2010). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. A revision of the. Below I provide a review of the existing MCC literature that demonstrates the need for additional research examining the efficacy of MCC in psychotherapy. Materials and Methods: This descriptive correlational study was performed on 230 emergency nurses in Tehran, Iran, in 2020 . Open Document. Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). He stressed that MCC is possessing culture-specific skills needed to work effectively with clients from specific populations. (1991). 639-669). Beginning with a Foreword by Derald Wing . Thus, therapist ratings were the least predictive of treatment outcomes (Greenberg et al., 2001). Multicultural Guidelines: An ecological Approachto context, identity, and intersectionality. / why is multicultural competence important? b. vocational guidance counseling: c. school counseling. However, the results of this study did indicate that higher perceptions of microaggressions were predictive of weaker therapeutic alliance and lower ratings of MCC and general counseling competence. One size does not fit all: Examining heterogeneity and. Each individual has an own manner of connecting with the environment around them. Study participants also lack diversity as there is an overreliance of White, female, young college students and underrepresentation of real clients from racially diverse and low socioeconomic backgrounds (Worthington et al., 2007). Smedley, B. D., Stith, A. Y., & Nelson, A. R. *Articulate your role as a counselor in becoming familiar with the characteristics and concerns of diverse populations and integrating culturally supported behaviors that promote optimal . service providers contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in health? Tokyo, Japan. Self-report multicultural counseling competencescales: Their relation to social desirability attitudes and multicultural case conceptualization ability. . A. E., Schreier, B. = 19) and found that clients perceptions of microaggressions in therapy, therapist MCC, and therapists general counseling competence were not significantly associated with client satisfaction. These findings suggest that therapist MCC is an important relational factor in therapy. The state of multicultural counseling competencies research. The three types of resistance experienced during multicultural training, The tripartite framework for understanding the multiple dimensions of identity, According to MSJCC (Ratts et al., 2015), the four components of multicultural and social justice competency, This concept reflects the culturally universal perspective in counseling Guidelines on multicultural education, training. Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1, Constantine, M. G., Gloria, A. M., & Ladany, N. (2002). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The factor structure underlying threeself-report multicultural counseling competence scales. Holden, K., McGregor, B., Thandi, P., Fresh, E., Sheats, K., Belton, A., & Satcher, D. (2014). Sue, D. W., Carter, R. T., Casas, J. M., Fouad, N. A., Ivey, A. E., Jensen, M., & Vazquez-Nutall, E. (1998). Constantine and Ladany (2000) found that social desirability attitudes are linked with the subscales of three of the four MCC measures they investigated. The Counseling Psychologist, 10(2), 45-52. doi:10.1177/0011000082102008. Toward culturally centered integrative care for addressing mental health disparities, Holden, K. B., & Xanthos, C. (2009). Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Predictors of satisfaction with counseling: Racial and ethnic, minority clients attitudes toward counseling and ratings of their counselors general and, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.49.2.255, Constantine, M. G. (2007). Derald Wing Sue and David Sue have researched multiculturalism for 30+ years. Atkinson, D. R., Casas, A., & Abreu, J. Building multicultural competency is not an easy task and is a life-long journey and yet taking on this charge is critical if we are to ethically serve all of our students. (2003). Psychotherapy relationships that work II. Several MCC assessment tools are self-report measures, which are vulnerable to social desirability. Authors Derald Wing Sue and David Suepioneers in this fielddefine and analyze . Deconstructing multicultural counseling. My first hypothesis is that the Flow Theory concept, The Systems Model of Creativity will help explain conflicts in Multicultural Counseling Movement described by Sue and Sue (2008). February 27, 2023 . Eating Disorders, 12(2), 139-156. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/publications/ (1982), updated by D. W. Sue, Arrendondo, and McDavis (1992). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(4), 579-591. doi:10.1037/cou0000103, Zilcha-Mano, S., Solomonov, N., Chui, H., McCarthy, K. S., Barrett, M. S., & Barber, J. P. (2015). supervision goals for multicultural competency in psychology. Meta-analyses of psychotherapy studies indicate that therapeutic alliance (Connors, Carroll, DiClemente, Longabaugh, & Donovan, 1997; Norcross, 2010) and empathy are good predictors of successful treatment outcome (Greenberg, Watson, Elliot, & Bohart, 2001). Ratts, Singh, NassarMcMillan, Butler, and McCullough (2016) also developed multicultural and social justice counseling competencies that offer guidance for counselors in practice and research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 9- 15. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.1.9, Worthington, R. L., & Dillon, F. R. (2011). Psychotherapy, 48, 4-8. doi:10.1037/a0022180. Using Kluckhohn and Murray's tripartite model of personality, an integrative, sequential, and dynamic model of cross-cultural counseling is advanced. Clients perceptions of their psychotherapists multicultural orientation. The results indicated that clients perceptions of microaggression had a negative relationship with therapeutic alliance, even after controlling for clients psychological well-being, number of sessions, and therapist racial and ethnic identity. One size does not fit all: Examining heterogeneity andidentifying moderators of the alliance-outcome association. Limitations of MCC research include the effectiveness of existing measures, use of indirect variables to measure MCCs and psychotherapy outcome, use of self-report measures, scant inclusion of real clients, and lack of diversity in participants. (2003). Required fields are marked *. APA ethical principles (2010) and the American Counseling Association (ACA)Code of Ethics (2014) advise psychologists and counselors on the boundaries of competence and instructs them to only provide services to populations included in their education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experiences. Various Companies. Although MCC have been widely endorsed and implemented in professional organizations and training programs (Constantine & Ladany, 2000; Worthington et al., 2007), there is a dearth of empirical research evaluating the influence of multicultural competencies on psychotherapy processes and outcomes with real clients (Ridley & Shaw-Ridley, 2011; Worthington et al., 2007; Worthington & Dillon, 2011). Multicultural therapy is a form of talk therapy that aims to address the concerns of clients whose race, ethnicity, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation, income, disability status, or . Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. population 2014 to 2060, . For the purposes of this study, the tripartite model of MCC will be used to conceptualize MCC.

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